Pesticides essays

Pesticides papers There are 2.5 billion pounds of pesticides being applied to rural items every year in the United States. This is multiple times more than was applied forty years back. It is as yet obscure with respect to what kind of precise impacts these synthetic concoctions may have on people. A few ranchers that have been utilizing pesticides in their fields and created leukemia are finding that the reason for their malady is from breathing in pesticides. These synthetics are as yet being used today and the vast majority of them have never been tried for the short or long haul impacts that they may have on people. Every year there are 10,000 pesticide related poisonings. On July fourth 1985, more than 300 Californians got wiped out in the wake of eating watermelons rewarded with the pesticide tenik. Testing store produce is a method of deciding the measure of introduction the customer gets through basic produce like carrots, tomatoes and lettuce. 44% of nourishments that were tried in markets were found to have a few hints of pesticide buildup on them. Of the considerable number of pesticides discovered, nineteen of them were a pesticide called DDT. DDT was restricted in this nation 12 years before the testing. It was accepted that these synthetic compounds may have entered this nation from another nation that doesnt have pesticide limitations as the U.S. does. Pesticides are sullying the Earths water supplies. There are seventeen pesticides found in twenty-three states water supplies at this moment. Researchers at Cornell University presume that 99% of pesticides miss the proposed source and discover their way into the water, air and soil. The majority of the contamination isnt sufficiently able to make a quick effect on people so the untamed life is the essential objective to these debases. Creatures, for example, the European Starling fowls are continually being tried and discovered that they are extraordinarily influenced both typically and mentally. Cultivating rehearses that don't utilize pesticide ... <!

Community Service Project Essays

Network Service Project Essays Network Service Project Essay Network Service Project Essay (a) What does network administration/volunteerism intend to you? * I characterize volunteerism as a help performed to serve others with next to zero advantage to the individual completing the administration. One may chip in for some reasons yet these ought exclude hoping to get a pay or exposure for work being finished. One advantage that a volunteer may have anyway is developing their insight base about the action in which they are partaking. One should consider the manners in which they can make their locale a superior spot to live for themselves and every other person. It’s truly not excessively hard, doing straightforward activities like helping an older individual to go across the street or giving your unworn garments to people who have a more prominent requirement for it very well may be named volunteerism. (b) Which two of the four objectives of Vision 2030 do you believe is most firmly connected to network administration/volunteerism? Why? * Of the four objectives of Vision 2030, I feel that the primary objective â€Å"Jamaicans are enabled to accomplish their fullest potential† and the fourth objective â€Å"Jamaica has a characteristic solid environment† would be the two most firmly connected to volunteerism. Through close to home strengthening, volunteers may try to understand their maximum capacity by passing on to themselves assignments which will profit them just as the general public in which they live. Volunteers may look to help people with extra preparing they may require just as school ventures. This is done in exertion to deliver balanced people. The last objective of Vision 2030 states that Jamaica has a characteristic and sound condition. Volunteers can assist Jamaica with achieving this by tidying up their condition and different networks. Thusly, they will have assisted with making sound and agreeable environmental factors for all residents. c) Select one of the two objectives talked about in (b) and propose ways you can add to accomplishing this objective through your locale administration. * I accept that I can assist with completing objective four of Vision 2030. The Bible (NIV) says in first Peter 4:10 â€Å"Each of you should utilize whatever blessing you have gotten t o serve others, as unwavering stewards of God’s effortlessness in its different forms† thus I accept that all of us were made stewards of this Earth and that it is our duty to deal with nature and everything in it. Stewardship helps in the improvement of society thus I will willingly volunteer to chip in at Hope Zoo Preservation so I can grow better hard working attitudes, utilize my extra time just as help the association to come back to its previous brilliance. This remembers partaking for cleanup exercises, completing regulatory assignments and doing everything else in my capacity to encourage smooth activity with the goal that guests will consistently recollect Hope Zoo as a product as well as an encounter. Lecturer’s Signature________________________ Accommodation Date___________________________ Reflection Piece #2 a. Distinguish your organization and quickly talk about the history, objectives and targets of the office. * The association that I have been adding to for a more noteworthy reason is Hope Zoo which is situated on Old Hope Road, Kgn 6 in St. Andrew, Jamaica. The foundation, an area of the Hope Botanical Gardens and Zoo was initially a piece of Hope Estate which was possessed and worked by Richard Hope-a previous authority in the British armed force who had been talented the bequest as a byproduct of helping Britain assume responsibility for Jamaica. What we presently know as Hope Botanical Gardens and Zoo is the biggest in the Caribbean and is only 200 sections of land of the domain which was purchased by the Government to set up a test garden for remote species in the late nineteenth century. One significant crossroads throughout the entire existence of Hope Gardens is Queen Elizabeth II’s visit in 1953. Expectation Zoo has been experiencing some significant rebuilding changes throughout the years and in 2005, the Nature Preservation Foundation (NPF) assumed responsibility. The NPF plans to â€Å"develop and oversee Hope Zoo and the Royal Botanic Gardens as a supportable office for natural training, applied research, diversion, untamed life and vegetation protection for Jamaica and the area; and to situate the office as a major aspect of the Tourism Product. † b. Bearing the Vision 2030 objective you chose in reflection 1 as a main priority, recognize a lot of targets you plan to satisfy in your task at the office. * I picked the fourth objective of Vision 2030-â€Å"Jamaica has a characteristic solid environment†. The destinations I plan to satisfy in my task at Hope Zoo include: taking an interest in cleanup exercises so the staff, visitors just as creatures can profit by existing in a spotless domain; doing managerial undertakings trying to decrease the outstanding burden of the regulatory division just as being promptly accessible to any guest who may have questions or need assistance with something trying to encourage smooth activity. c. Examine the particular advances you will take to achieve these targets. So as to achieve these goals, I will guarantee my unexpected appearance to the establishment each time I am on the job and quickly report to my administrator for a rundown of my obligations for the afternoon. I will at that point continue to finish my errands which will spin around the targets referenced above just as watching my environmental factors to perceive what else should be done and how I can make a commitment. These means will be finished with an end goal to make Hope Zoo a s uperior spot and in concurrence with Vision 2030: Jamaica. Lecturer’s Signature________________________ Submission Date___________________________ Reflection Piece #3 a. Recognize a portion of the issues/issues you encountered during your position. * This has been an excellent encounter, anyway I didn't especially value being annoyed by a specific animal specialist on more than one events during my forty hours of administration. b. Whatever degree did issues you experienced/saw in your situation reflect issues pervasive in the more extensive Jamaican culture? Being grieved or incited by people in the working environment causes distress and contradiction. This is for the most part done out of jealousy or desire. One laborer may do it to get another specialist sufficiently furious to respond fiercely, presumably getting into issues with the director and perhaps losing his/her employment. In any case, casualties of this are regularly not content with their occupations thus profitability levels will in general diminishing. There may likew ise be an absence of enthusiasm for finishing assignments productively as laborers would have lost core interest. c. What effect do you figure these issues will have on our capacity to accomplish the objectives spread out in Vision 2030? * I accept that incitement between laborers will affect the country’s capacity to accomplish objective one - â€Å"Jamaicans are enabled to come to their fullest potential† and objective 3 - â€Å"Jamaica’s economy is prosperous†. Jamaicans won't have arrived at their fullest potential by 2030 if there is consistent working environment provocation or savagery as this would have caused their advantage and assurance levels to diminish. On the off chance that a worker’s assurance and want to do his/her obligations adequately diminishes, efficiency levels will likewise diminish thus Jamaica’s economy won't be as prosperous we need it to be by 2030. d. What arrangement did you utilize to address the issue? * I tended to the issue by having a private talk with the individual about my issue as well as could be expected ramifications of working environment badgering on the business itself. I ensured he comprehended my position and we went to a ceasefire. I can genuinely say this did something amazing as up until this point we have not had another contention. Lecturer’s Signature: Submission Date: ____________________

Individual and Society: The Royal Family :: Essays Papers

Individual and Society: The Royal Family How was it to be viewed as the most respectable gathering of individuals in a country as significant and tremendous as England? The most remarkable places of the imperial family were the ruler and sovereign obviously, contingent upon who had the crown around then. At the point when one turned into the lord he would acquire the entirety of the wealth and forces that join being the ruler. If he somehow managed to wed a lady then she would turn out to be a piece of the regal family, however not so much be a ruler with the lord. In the event that one were not part of the regal family they could never carry on with the captivating life they lived. The ruler and sovereign could show their capacity through open executions, making new laws, and their capacity to do anything they desired to. The illustrious family changed the course of history by realizing new religions, speculations, the English Reformation, the changing of limits, participating in the Enlightenment, and innumerable differen t things. The illustrious family was realized in the mid-1000’s when King Edward the Peaceful was delegated at Bath. Numerous Viking attacks and King Ethelred’s shortcoming to be an incredible lord constrained him out of the government, and his child, Canute, assumed responsibility for the country. Ruler Canute made England the core of his Scandinavian Empire and was appreciated by all he dominated. At the point when Canute passed on and his stepson, Edward, at that point took the honored position mixing numerous conventions since he was not initially from England. After Edward’s demise and Harold of Norway was executed in fight, the main particularly significant lord of the illustrious family dominated, William I began the principal significant family in sovereignty, the Normans. After the Normans finished there were six additional traditions of families to control England at once or another. The following of these was the Angevin Empire which began the timespan when the English government turned into the main European capacity to work out an idea of government, the network of the domain, which essentially expanded interest in government and changed the connections among ruler and subject (Plumb 58). The other five families- - the Plantagenets, the House of Lancaster, the House of York, the Tudors, and the Stuarts - were huge during their time yet constantly period being considered. The main realm that manages Western human progress after 1715 is The House of Hanover, which begins in 1714 with King George I.

Rhetorical Analysis Essay A Guide For Students

October 11, 2019 A rhetorical analysis is a part of the AP exam in English, the most difficult of all exams for students. To pass this exam a student must have deep knowledge of the English language and understand its expressive means. This task means that a student must analyze some piece of text like a famous public speech or a fragment from a book or article. A student must distinguish which effect the creator of that text wanted to produce, the chosen means and whether that was a success. Thus, you need to know and understand English really well to analyze the text on several levels and distinguish between communication and persuading means. In brief, it is like â€Å"that person used these techniques and chose these words to produce this effect, and it was a success or failure because of those reasons†. Initial Analysis of the Text for the SOAPSTone When you have to write an essay of any type, you need to run research as the first stage of doing the task. This is necessary to get the information you need to understand the topic and find the arguments which support your point of view. A rhetorical analysis essay needs research as well, though it is of a different kind. Your task is to â€Å"decipher† the text you have to analyze, and here the first stage is finding its SOAPSTone. If you never dealt with this concept, it might look frightful at once. However, it is only the abbreviation that describes the main components of the text’s essence and targets. S – Speaker. This can be the author who created this text or the narrator, or both. If you deal with a public speech, note that the speechwriter chooses certain persuasive means, and the narrator uses own skills to accentuate ideas. The speech the narrator makes might differ from the speech the writer composed. O – Occasion. It states for the circumstances when the text was written and what for. This context will determine the form and the means of the text. A – Audience. This aspect is connected with the previous occasion item because it defines the effect which the author wants to produce on people. The choice of the techniques comes from it. P – Purpose. It is the simplest of all concepts: what goal the writer wanted to achieve. In many cases, it is to make the audience believe the authors rightness. Or sell some product to the people – ideas are products as well. S – Subject. It is the topic of the text. Tone – is the emotional coloring of the text, the mood it has. You need to understand these concepts and see how they are implemented in the text you analyze. This way you receive a kind of the working area where you can go further to analyze the meaningful details and their purpose. Outline the Structure of Your Essay Like any other essay, your rhetorical analysis should have a definite structure. It matches the same criteria which other texts of this genre will have. Your essay text should have three parts: The introduction; The body; The conclusion. There are some specific requirements which concern this rhetorical analysis form, and we’ll describe them further. In brief, everything you write in your essay has to be about the text you analyze. What you write in the rhetorical essay Introduction It is a relatively short part where you should briefly describe your work and present it to the audience to catch their attention and make them interested. It is a good idea to start the Introduction with a citation from the text you analyze. You should choose the one which presents the main idea or purpose of the text in the best way. Or it can illustrate the persuading literacy means the writer prefers. The goal is to present your â€Å"field of analysis†. Give a brief description of the text in which you analyze and mention the SOAPSTone items. You are not obliged to list them in this order and give a definition to each one. You can insert those which you can harmonize naturally with the rest of the text in the Introduction. Present your thesis statement. This is a required part of each essay. You need to define your main ideas about the text, which you will support with arguments. When you write a rhetorical analysis, define the writer’s techniques and strategies that you’ve distinguished in that text, as you are going to expose them further. Note that the thesis statement is short – you can formulate it in a couple of sentences max. However, it has to be strong and identify the main features which you found while analyzing that text. Besides, the thesis statement must be obviously connected with the main part of your essay, and each reader or listener should be able to trace how your arguments support the thesis. The three parts of a rhetorical analysis Body: Ethos, Pathos and Logos The â€Å"three-paragraphs† structure suits the Body of this essay best of all. The thing is, when you perform the rhetorical analysis of the text, you work with three aspects which together build the eventual effect of that text. Thus, you will dedicate a paragraph with arguments to each of these aspects. The names of these aspects come from Old Greek: Ethos, Logos, and Pathos. Let’s examine what they state for: Ethos is the concept of the writer’s ethics. Here you should find if the author’s ideas and arguments are credible. When you analyze the language and the expressive means used in the text, you need to mark those arguments which the writer uses to stress his or her expert status. They would be the persuasive means to spread own authority over the audience. Pathos is the emotional aspect; you must have heard this term when discussed some books or movies. Here you need to analyze the â€Å"toolset† which the writer employs to raise the emotional reaction from the audience. These are expressive literacy means like strong metaphors, emotionally colored words, repetition, etc. Logos is a concept associated with rational thinking. The author applies to the logic and offers truthful shreds of evidence to support own statements and make the public believe them. When you analyze the text, determine the main claims – at least one – which the author makes. Then make sure to investigate the proofs for these claims. When you write about these concepts, collect your arguments from the style of the author and the choice of words. Examine the means of imaginary and figurative language. If you analyze an oral speech – pay special attention to the diction and the tone of the speaker. Note, which words and phrases are stressed and why, and analyze the rhythm of the sentences – these all are means to make the text more influential. This way you define the strategies of the writer. Now, evaluate if they are efficient or not – this is the main goal of your rhetorical analysis essay. The Body is the biggest part of any essay but is should be laconic. You might not include all the details which you would like to, as the size of your paper should not be large enough. So, concentrate on the most outstanding samples which illustrate the writer’s techniques and strategies in the best way. Sum up your analysis in the Conclusion The main rule for a Conclusion is that it can’t contain any new information. You need to build it on the previous data which are known to you and your audience. Refer again to your thesis statement and ask yourself if you understood the writer’s goals and writing strategies. Assess if the text was a success or a failure for the audience, and which factors caused that. You may even speculate if the writer could use other means to change that situation. Present a strong final of your essay – stress the importance of improving the writing techniques, or ask some related questions to call the audiences positive reaction. Get proper examples of the rhetorical analysis works If you never performed a rhetorical analysis of a text, it will be very helpful for you to refer to the highly evaluated samples of such works. Take the analyzed texts too and see how other successful authors explored them. Note which factors they think to be important, which arguments they use and how they present the data. You mustn’t copy someone else’s texts, of course. They should serve as inspiration and examples of the data arrangement for you. In any case, the main factor will be your own understanding of the expressive means of the text and analysis. And with the help of our recommendations, you will surely succeed at writing a great rhetorical analysis essay.

A Field Of Forces Within The Field - 817 Words

As Bourdieu pointed out, â€Å"no cultural product exists by itself, i.e., outside the relations of interdependence which link it to other products† (Bourdieu, 1993: p. 32). These goods are also produced under specific conditions, not in a vacuum. This assumption is valid to art, literature, but also to journalism as a massive cultural production, like Bourdieu and other authors had demonstrated (Benson Neveu, 2005; Benson, 2006; Bourdieu, 1994; English, 2015; Marlià ¨re, 1998; Murrell, 2015; Schultz, 2007). Thus, cultural products are entangled in a net knitted by different players, with diverse –even opposite- interests, forces, and strategies struggling to dominate what Bourdieu had called the field. Bourdieu defines it as â€Å"a field of forces within which the agents occupy positions that statistically determine the positions they take with respect to the field, these positions-taking being aimed either at conserving or transforming the structure of relations of forces that is constitutive of the field†¦ it is the site of actions and reactions performed by social agents endowed with permanent dispositions, partly acquired in their experience of these social fields† (Bourdieu, 2005: 30). So, the field is the space in which the actors, both individual and collective, deploy their forces, struggling to reform/preserve the rules of the game. The concept of â€Å"field† allows inquiring the complex interplays between larger social and political structures and the schemes of humanShow MoreRelatedNormative vs Force Field Analysis Essay640 Words   |  3 PagesNormative vs. Force Field Analysis Kim Schnitzer August 21, 2011 AIU Online Abstract The following pages contain information provided in a memo to BARTH, Inc from Working Better Group. This information is in reference to different forms of collecting information and analyzing it to make changes within the organization. Introduction The following pages discuss the comparison between the normative model and force field analysis. They will also discuss WBG’s selection of which form of dataRead MoreEvaluation Of A Job Evaluation995 Words   |  4 PagesJob evaluation is a logical procedure intended to aid in creating pay distinctions among jobs within a single company. 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MilPDS is used to process pay transactions, track accountability and strengthRead MoreArtillery s Impact On The Battle Of Lz Gold And Suoi Tre Essay1012 Words   |  5 Pagesfor every war the Army has been in, field artillery has played an essential role. The artillery and infantry have always worked hand in hand, a requirement if fire support is to be in direct support of maneuver. Artillery preps and shapes the battlefield; setting the conditions for battle. Throughout the conflict in Vietnam, specifically the Battle at LZ Gold, the Army made essential changes and improvements to the tactics, techniques and weaponry of field artillery t o meet the ever-changingRead MoreArtillery s Impact On The Battle Of Lz Gold And Suoi Tre1012 Words   |  5 Pagesfor every war the Army has been in, field artillery has played an essential role. The artillery and infantry have always worked hand in hand, a requirement if fire support is to be in direct support of maneuver. Artillery preps and shapes the battlefield; setting the conditions for battle. Throughout the conflict in Vietnam, specifically the Battle at LZ Gold, the Army made essential changes and improvements to the tactics, techniques and weaponry of field artillery to meet the ever-changingRead MoreThe Basic Concepts Of Force Field Analysis By Kurt Lewin1674 Words   |  7 Pages The first management theory to be examined is force-field analysis by Kurt Lewin. Force-field analysis provides a template for looking that the factors that influence both corporate and personal environments, however the focus will be on the business side of the theory. To understand t he basic concepts of the force field analysis, imagine yourself sitting in a chair. There are two forces holding you in the chair, one is gravity, a driving force, which is pushing you down into the chair and theRead MoreEffectiveness Of Lewin s Model869 Words   |  4 Pagesany chance as turning the company around. Brenneman and Bethune efforts are an example of how to utilize the Unfreezing stage of Lewin’s Unfreezing-Changing-Refreezing Model. Next, Brenneman and Bethune began implementing the plan at all levels within the organization. This took several months and a commitment to gaining acceptance throughout the organization. Brenneman and Bethune recognized that it is â€Å"critical to get everyone working together.† As a result, they â€Å"aligned employees’ compensation

The World of Addiction Essay - 1755 Words

â€Å"Addiction is a brain disease expressed in the form of compulsive behavior,† says by Alan Leshner in his article, â€Å"Addiction Is a Brain Disease† featured in the book Drug Abuse: Opposing Viewpoints. Addiction has a variety of meanings depending on what your viewpoint of addiction. According to dictionary.com, the concrete definition of the word addiction is, â€Å"the state of being enslaved to a habit or practice or to something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming, as narcotics, to such an extent that its cessation causes severe trauma.† Basically various doctors and therapist consider addiction to be a genetic disorder. â€Å"Provocative, controversial, unquestionably incomplete, the dopamine hypothesis provides a basic framework†¦show more content†¦They include alcoholism, substance/drug (including prescription drugs) addiction, nicotine addiction, and sex addiction, food addiction, shopping addiction, gambling addiction, work addiction and even internet addiction. They are manifold varieties of addiction; these are just a few of the well-known types of addiction. One of the more common addictions that were mentioned is substance or drug addiction. In the medical dictionary substance abuse means, â€Å"Excessive use of a potentially addictive substance, especially one that may modify body functions, such as drugs.† The effects of substance abuse can show a discrepancy between physical and psychological effects. Essentially every drug has dissimilar physical effects on the body; they all have an effect on the brain initially in a similar manner. The physical effects of substance abuse includes; respiratory issues, cardiac issues, and even gastrointestinal issues. With these issues, they can get severe enough to lead up to further severe issues such as lung cancer, heart attacks, and kidney or liver damage, which can ultimately lead to death. The psychological effects of this addiction can be just as harmful. The psychological effects included; hypothermia, paranoia, anxiety, violent behavior, hallucinations, depression, loss of interest , loss sense of reality, confusion, flashbacks, sense of distance, and catatonic syndrome (which affects the body’s centralShow MoreRelatedThe Powder World Of Cocaine Addiction1239 Words   |  5 Pageshave in regards to the powder world of cocaine addiction. Solving the crack it has put on society and the world (pun intended). If you don’t know what cocaine is , it is a highly addictive stimulant that is pleasurable but dangerous short term effects on the body, that eventually will cause a long term ramification. The problems referring towards cocaine abuse has an international effect, therefore cocaine is a problem that society can’t ignore. Today in our world cocaine or crack so to speak,Read MoreThe Effects Of Addiction On The World Today Essay2227 Words   |  9 Pagescontrolling monsters running rampant in the world today. This monster is known for destroying lives, families, and careers and even dragging the people caught in its grasps to their death. The United States had a president declare a war against it, police officers crack down on laws and arrests to fight it, and yet it still seems like a losing battle. This monster does not care about race, religion, sex, socioeconomic status, or even age. The cold hands of addiction can find their grip on anyone if theRead MoreThe Effects Of Addiction On The World Of Warcraft2441 Words   |  10 PagesDavid Dinh Megan Ozima English 101 2 June 2016 Negative Effects of Addictions What is the cause of addiction(s)? An addiction is cause by a person’s psychological habit that got developed into the person’s mental and physical condition, in which a person is unable to take control. 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(2006) provide a similar argument, stating that pathological gambling and alcohol dependence share common EF deficits, and it has since been amended to be a behavioural addiction the in the DSM-V (APA, 2013 ). The divisive topic of screening and diagnosis could have serious consequences on the quality ofRead MoreDrug Addiction : A Common Problem Within Our World Today2567 Words   |  11 PagesDrug addiction is a very common problem within our world today. There are many factors that can lead up to drug addiction. Things like the environment that people live in, their peers, genetics could be a factor, and mental illness. One side is that drug addiction could be a disease or it could be that people believe that it s a choice. With it being a choice means that people have to make the decision of what to do before they decide to take drugs or not. Arguing that this could be a disease isRead MoreEssay on Internet addiction1725 Words   |  7 PagesInternet and Video Game Addiction Internet addiction is a worldwide disorder that is oblivious to the technological age we live in. Since its inception in 1991 (Livingstone), the World Wide Web has only improved our quality of life. People don’t perceive online technology as a problem but as a solution to make our lives cheaper and efficient. As a working college student, my whole life is run on the internet. I use Facebook religiously to keep in-touch with my friends, I play Xbox Live to competeRead MoreThe Problem Of Online Gaming Addiction1080 Words   |  5 Pages(MMORPG), World of Warcraft. Surprisingly, Van Cleave’s situation is not unusual, nor is it uncommon to hear of or know somebody with a substance addiction. Online gaming addiction is very real. 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Myths and heroes free essay sample

Myths are stories that are based on tradition. Some may have factual origins, while others are completely fictional. The myth discussed in the novel was that the white people are superior. There have been several notable African Americans who fought to break the myth and became heroes. Some examples of these African Americans were Jefferson from the novel, Joe Louis, and Jackie Robinson. Although some of the attempts that were made by these heroes did not always succeed, they helped in making a difference in equality in the long run.One of the major issues discussed by the British philosopher John Locke during the time Of the Enlightenment period was the idea that every man is born with natural rights to life, liberty and property; these rights can also be noninsured as equality. Over the course of American history, blacks were wrongfully treated, oppressed and denied their natural rights. Those who fought for their rights and for the rights of others can be described as heroes. Myths differ from legends in that they have less historical background.. . Hey differ from fable in that they are less concerned with moral didactics and are the product of a racial group rather than the creation of an individual. (Holman, 333) The myth is generally a fictional story that represents realistic things or events. An example of a hero that literally fought to break the myth about black people is Joe Louis. He is a very well-known boxer throughout the world. According to Bond, Louis was not doing well in school in his home town and when his step father moved the family to Detroit things only got worse.It was also said to be that Joe Louis was the youngest heavyweight champion in history and the first black champion since Jack Johnson in 1915. He was also the most popular heavyweight boxer in history. In an era of undisguised racism, Louis fascinated white fans who were awed by his stony ferocity and his raw power. He stood as a symbol of racial pride for blacks. (Bond, 563) Even though people had been against black people, they still had a respect for the people that stood out.Louis showed that he was equal to if not better than many white athletes. His fights were broadcast over radio and were heard by as many as two-thirds of all the radio listeners in America, audiences of as many as fifty million, and he attracted audiences of tens of thousands to the arenas for his every fight. (Bond, 563) Joe Louis was a very influential boxer to the world that did make white people set aside their hatred toward blacks to admire a great athlete regardless of his race. Bond also says that going was the most corrupt sports but Louis managed to maintain a reputation as a man untainted by scandal, whose natural talent made him unbeatable. (Bond, 563) Louis was a natural born boxer whose discovery created a scandal. He supported more than twenty friends and family during the 1 sass, and when his large purses were divided, he had little left over for himself. (Bond, 563) These actions show how selfless Louis really was. On June 19 of 1 936 Louis fought Max Smelling for the chance at the heavy weight champion James J.Bradford. In the fight with Smelling, Louis was more than a representative of his race on fight eight; he was an American hero fighting against a German champion when the Anti-Semitism of the Nazis was already apparent(Bond, 563) During WI and the Holocaust, Joe Louis was able to bring racial tension to a hold to fight a common goal; to put down a Nazi, a villain. According to Victor Bond, everyone thought he would win easily but unfortunately he was knocked out in the Willets round, but on June 25 of 1938 they fought again.This time Louis gave America what they wanted to see and that was a knock out at a whopping two minutes and six seconds of the first round. The next day Heywood Boron wrote that Louis had exploded the Nordic myth with a bombing glove. Louis was a hero to Americans regardless of their skin color or racial views because he was very supportive, selfless, and fought his way to the top which is something others can only dream of doing. Jackie Robinson is another great example of a hero that fought for his rights and influenced other blacks to fight for theirs.Jackie Robinson was born in Georgia; he was the youngest of five children. His father abandoned his family when he was six months old. His mother moved the family to Pasadena, California. Jackie Robinson said that Pasadena regarded us as intruders. (Bond, 565) the Robinsons were a black family in a white persons territory. Robinson once said My brothers and were in many a fight that started with a racial slur on the very street we lived on. Jackie Robinson grew up with a lot of racism but never let it get the best of him. Jackie Robinson went to The University of California, Los Angels (UCLA). Despite leading the conference in scoring for two 565) As one observer commented, Its purely the case of a coach refusing to recognize a players ability out of prejudice. (Bond, 565) Robinson was an amazing all- around athlete. He excelled in football, basketball, track, and most of all baseball. Jackie dropped out of UCLA to support his family by coaching at the National Youth Administration, and he played baseball to aid him in supporting his family. Jackie Robinson was drafted into the army, where he fought segregation from the beginningHe had refused a southern bus drivers orders to sit in the back of the bus, knowing that the army had just ordered the desegregation of base transportation. He was then taken to a military court and the judge claimed that he had acted within his rights, and he received an honorable discharge. (Bond, 565) The actions taken by Robinson in the military helped influence many blacks around the United States. In 1 945 Jackie Robinson met Branch Rickety, the general manager for the Brooklyn Dodgers when he was looking for someone to break the color barrier and to integrate professional baseball; it was evident that Jackie was the man for the job.Jackie was now the only black baseball player in Major ague Baseball. He showed all of America that black people have the potential to do something with their future. Another great example of a hero who fought to break the myth was Jefferson from the novel, A Lesson Before Dying. Jefferson was falsely convicted of murder only because he was a black man presented in front of a white jury where he did not stand a chance. Jefferson defense attorney tried to help Jefferson by telling the jury that Jefferson was not capable Of thinking about committing the crimes and that the jury might as well send a hog to the electric chair.Grant Wiggins, the main character was supposed to teach Jefferson how to be a man before his execution and to stand up tall when approaching the electric chair. When Grant was talking to Jefferson he said do you know what a myth is, Jefferson? A myth is an old lie that people believe in. White people believe that theyre better than anyone else on earth- and thats a myth. (Gaines, 1 92) Grant and Jefferson were discussing this in the jail where Jefferson was being kept until his execution. The last thing they ever want is to see a black man stand, and think and show that common humanity is in us all. (Gaines, 1 92) In this quote grant was describing the myth from a deeper perspective to Jefferson. By doing this Grant motivated Jefferson to try to become a man before dying. As long as none of us stand theyre safe. Theyre safe with me. Theyre safe with Reverend Ambrose. Dont want them to feel safe with you anymore. (Gaines, 192) Grant later adds l want you to chip away at that myth by standing. I want you yes, you to call them liars. I want you to show them that you as much a man more a man as they can ever be. That jury?You call them men? That judge is he a man? The governor he is no better. (Gaines, 1 92) Grant was explaining to Jefferson what he has potential to achieve before his death and that the people who were at a higher authority than him Were just as much if not less of men as Jefferson. In the end of the novel when Jefferson was about to be executed Vincent asked Jefferson if he had any last words and that is hen he said Tell Nana I walked. (Gaines, 254) After all that work Jefferson released the man inside of him and held his head high.

State Support free essay sample

State Support Provision for Children I have been asked to write a report explaining the historical development of the ECCE sector in Ireland Covering the current state provisions relating to children describing the legislation and regulations relevant to ECCE and how to use these in practise to maintain quality Findings: * Historical development of the ECCE sector in Ireland * Current ECCE provision by the state * Health and welfare * Equal Opportunity legislation * Quality ECCE Environment Siolta Historical developments of the ECCE sector in Ireland Traditionally childcare was provided by the family e. g. grandparents and other family members and the provision of formal childcare places were very limited. Traditionally the mother was the homemaker while the father went out to work to provide for the family. In the past 20 years family roles have changed and childcare in Ireland has had to evolve due to the economic downturn, in the past and more recently families found it a lot harder to cope financially as there was a big demand now for affordable Childcare In 1991 the Childcare Act was introduced , this changed how childcare provision was delivered. We will write a custom essay sample on State Support or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In fact the Pre- School Childcare Regulations 1996 came from the Act. This was the first time that childcare services were inspected and regulated. In 2010 the EECE pre-school scheme was introduced the objective of the free pre-school year is to provide a free year to all children the year before they attend primary school. It was intended to provide a quality childcare curriculum to all children attending the free year. â€Å"In a ten year period the level of service provision doubled in Laois with 40 services (primarily sessional) doubling to over 80 services†. Laois County Childcare Committee figures. Current ECCE provision by the state In 2010 the ECCE or free pre-school scheme was introduced. This replaced the childcare supplement and it showed the Government’s commitment to early childhood care and education as it ensures all children are guaranteed a free pre-school place, prior to their attendance at primary School. Services providing the free pre-school year must adhere to the principles and practices of Siolta which will be discussed in the last section of the assignment. Other provision includes the Childcare Education and Training Support (CETS scheme) which supports parents in training programmes to access a childcare place at a minimum cost. This scheme covers children of all ages to access a full time, part time or afterschool place. â€Å"The Childcare Education and Training Support programme (CETS) is administered by the Department of Children amp; Youth Affairs on behalf of FAS and the VECs. FAS and the VECs decide who is eligible to avail of the programme, and the main terms and conditions of the programme†. ttp://www. dcya. gov. ie/viewdoc. asp? DocID=120 Health and welfare One of the supports by the state for families is the provision of a medical card. A medical card is provided to families on low income to support them to get certain medical services free of charge. These service include attending a Doctor for free, hospital services and some dental treatment. To qualify for a medical card you are means tested and if you qualify it covers the whole family. The medical card scheme is rolled out by the Health Service Executive (HSE). The Department of Health and Children is responsible for health service provision in Ireland and these services are delivered by the Health Service Executive (HSE)† Donohoe J and Gaynor F, 2007, p203. Child benefit is a universal payment provided to all families whose children are under 16 years of age, or under 18 years of age if the child is in full-time education, or has a disability. The scheme is administered by the Department of Social Protection. You must register your baby when it is born to begin the claim process. There are different rates if you have one child and other rates for families with multiple children. â€Å"Child Benefit is paid at one and a half times the appropriate monthly rate for twins, and at double the appropriate monthly rate for triplets and other multiple births† Equal Opportunity legislation The Employment Equality Act 1998-2011 covers all workplaces and is designed to combat discrimination on nine grounds, these are gender, civil status, family status, sexual orientation, religion, age (does not apply to a person under 16, disability, race amp; membership of the Traveller community. This act covers all work places as mentioned above and if an employee feels they are discriminated on any of the grounds they are entitled to take a case to the Equality Tribunal. The role of the Equality Tribunal is to â€Å"investigate or mediates claims of unlawful discrimination under the equality legislation. A Tribunal mediator will facilitate parties to reach a mediated agreement which is legally binding. Where parties object to mediation, a case will be heard by a Tribunal Equality Officer, who will hear evidence from both parties before issuing a legally binding decision†. http://www. itizensinformation. ie/en/employment/equality_in_work/equality_authority. html The Equal Status Act 2002 and amended in 2004 also aims to combat discrimination but covers the provision of services such as training bodies etc. The Equality Authority provides information to the public on areas of discrimination, they do not take cases for individuals this is done by the Equality Tribunal m entioned above. Quality ECCE Environment Siolta As mentioned above for a childcare service to participate in the free pre-school year they must implement the principles and practices of Siolta. Siolta is the Irish word for seeds, the concept of the framework was that it was a development tool to support childcare services on a journey towards achieving their potential in terms of quality provision. â€Å"Siolta, the National Quality Framework for Early Childhood Education, was developed by the Centre for Early Childhood Development and Education on behalf of the Department of Education and Skills. It was published in 2006. Siolta is designed to define, assess and support the improvement of quality across all aspects of practice in early childhood care and education (ECCE) settings where children aged birth to six years are present. These settings include: * Full and Part-time Daycare * Childminding * Sessional services * Infant classes in primary schools† http://www. siolta. ie/index. php It is intended that Siolta can add value at many levels in practice situations e. g. support for team members and professional practice. Siolta comprises of 16 standards which cover all areas of practice. Services will address and aim to translate these into all areas of their childcare practice. Childcare services and the junior classes in primary Schools have been implementing the principles and practices as part of their curriculum for a number of years.

State Support free essay sample

State Support Provision for Children I have been asked to write a report explaining the historical development of the ECCE sector in Ireland Covering the current state provisions relating to children describing the legislation and regulations relevant to ECCE and how to use these in practise to maintain quality Findings: * Historical development of the ECCE sector in Ireland * Current ECCE provision by the state * Health and welfare * Equal Opportunity legislation * Quality ECCE Environment Siolta Historical developments of the ECCE sector in Ireland Traditionally childcare was provided by the family e. g. grandparents and other family members and the provision of formal childcare places were very limited. Traditionally the mother was the homemaker while the father went out to work to provide for the family. In the past 20 years family roles have changed and childcare in Ireland has had to evolve due to the economic downturn, in the past and more recently families found it a lot harder to cope financially as there was a big demand now for affordable Childcare In 1991 the Childcare Act was introduced , this changed how childcare provision was delivered. We will write a custom essay sample on State Support or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In fact the Pre- School Childcare Regulations 1996 came from the Act. This was the first time that childcare services were inspected and regulated. In 2010 the EECE pre-school scheme was introduced the objective of the free pre-school year is to provide a free year to all children the year before they attend primary school. It was intended to provide a quality childcare curriculum to all children attending the free year. â€Å"In a ten year period the level of service provision doubled in Laois with 40 services (primarily sessional) doubling to over 80 services†. Laois County Childcare Committee figures. Current ECCE provision by the state In 2010 the ECCE or free pre-school scheme was introduced. This replaced the childcare supplement and it showed the Government’s commitment to early childhood care and education as it ensures all children are guaranteed a free pre-school place, prior to their attendance at primary School. Services providing the free pre-school year must adhere to the principles and practices of Siolta which will be discussed in the last section of the assignment. Other provision includes the Childcare Education and Training Support (CETS scheme) which supports parents in training programmes to access a childcare place at a minimum cost. This scheme covers children of all ages to access a full time, part time or afterschool place. â€Å"The Childcare Education and Training Support programme (CETS) is administered by the Department of Children amp; Youth Affairs on behalf of FAS and the VECs. FAS and the VECs decide who is eligible to avail of the programme, and the main terms and conditions of the programme†. ttp://www. dcya. gov. ie/viewdoc. asp? DocID=120 Health and welfare One of the supports by the state for families is the provision of a medical card. A medical card is provided to families on low income to support them to get certain medical services free of charge. These service include attending a Doctor for free, hospital services and some dental treatment. To qualify for a medical card you are means tested and if you qualify it covers the whole family. The medical card scheme is rolled out by the Health Service Executive (HSE). The Department of Health and Children is responsible for health service provision in Ireland and these services are delivered by the Health Service Executive (HSE)† Donohoe J and Gaynor F, 2007, p203. Child benefit is a universal payment provided to all families whose children are under 16 years of age, or under 18 years of age if the child is in full-time education, or has a disability. The scheme is administered by the Department of Social Protection. You must register your baby when it is born to begin the claim process. There are different rates if you have one child and other rates for families with multiple children. â€Å"Child Benefit is paid at one and a half times the appropriate monthly rate for twins, and at double the appropriate monthly rate for triplets and other multiple births† Equal Opportunity legislation The Employment Equality Act 1998-2011 covers all workplaces and is designed to combat discrimination on nine grounds, these are gender, civil status, family status, sexual orientation, religion, age (does not apply to a person under 16, disability, race amp; membership of the Traveller community. This act covers all work places as mentioned above and if an employee feels they are discriminated on any of the grounds they are entitled to take a case to the Equality Tribunal. The role of the Equality Tribunal is to â€Å"investigate or mediates claims of unlawful discrimination under the equality legislation. A Tribunal mediator will facilitate parties to reach a mediated agreement which is legally binding. Where parties object to mediation, a case will be heard by a Tribunal Equality Officer, who will hear evidence from both parties before issuing a legally binding decision†. http://www. itizensinformation. ie/en/employment/equality_in_work/equality_authority. html The Equal Status Act 2002 and amended in 2004 also aims to combat discrimination but covers the provision of services such as training bodies etc. The Equality Authority provides information to the public on areas of discrimination, they do not take cases for individuals this is done by the Equality Tribunal m entioned above. Quality ECCE Environment Siolta As mentioned above for a childcare service to participate in the free pre-school year they must implement the principles and practices of Siolta. Siolta is the Irish word for seeds, the concept of the framework was that it was a development tool to support childcare services on a journey towards achieving their potential in terms of quality provision. â€Å"Siolta, the National Quality Framework for Early Childhood Education, was developed by the Centre for Early Childhood Development and Education on behalf of the Department of Education and Skills. It was published in 2006. Siolta is designed to define, assess and support the improvement of quality across all aspects of practice in early childhood care and education (ECCE) settings where children aged birth to six years are present. These settings include: * Full and Part-time Daycare * Childminding * Sessional services * Infant classes in primary schools† http://www. siolta. ie/index. php It is intended that Siolta can add value at many levels in practice situations e. g. support for team members and professional practice. Siolta comprises of 16 standards which cover all areas of practice. Services will address and aim to translate these into all areas of their childcare practice. Childcare services and the junior classes in primary Schools have been implementing the principles and practices as part of their curriculum for a number of years.

State Support free essay sample

State Support Provision for Children I have been asked to write a report explaining the historical development of the ECCE sector in Ireland Covering the current state provisions relating to children describing the legislation and regulations relevant to ECCE and how to use these in practise to maintain quality Findings: * Historical development of the ECCE sector in Ireland * Current ECCE provision by the state * Health and welfare * Equal Opportunity legislation * Quality ECCE Environment Siolta Historical developments of the ECCE sector in Ireland Traditionally childcare was provided by the family e. g. grandparents and other family members and the provision of formal childcare places were very limited. Traditionally the mother was the homemaker while the father went out to work to provide for the family. In the past 20 years family roles have changed and childcare in Ireland has had to evolve due to the economic downturn, in the past and more recently families found it a lot harder to cope financially as there was a big demand now for affordable Childcare In 1991 the Childcare Act was introduced , this changed how childcare provision was delivered. We will write a custom essay sample on State Support or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In fact the Pre- School Childcare Regulations 1996 came from the Act. This was the first time that childcare services were inspected and regulated. In 2010 the EECE pre-school scheme was introduced the objective of the free pre-school year is to provide a free year to all children the year before they attend primary school. It was intended to provide a quality childcare curriculum to all children attending the free year. â€Å"In a ten year period the level of service provision doubled in Laois with 40 services (primarily sessional) doubling to over 80 services†. Laois County Childcare Committee figures. Current ECCE provision by the state In 2010 the ECCE or free pre-school scheme was introduced. This replaced the childcare supplement and it showed the Government’s commitment to early childhood care and education as it ensures all children are guaranteed a free pre-school place, prior to their attendance at primary School. Services providing the free pre-school year must adhere to the principles and practices of Siolta which will be discussed in the last section of the assignment. Other provision includes the Childcare Education and Training Support (CETS scheme) which supports parents in training programmes to access a childcare place at a minimum cost. This scheme covers children of all ages to access a full time, part time or afterschool place. â€Å"The Childcare Education and Training Support programme (CETS) is administered by the Department of Children amp; Youth Affairs on behalf of FAS and the VECs. FAS and the VECs decide who is eligible to avail of the programme, and the main terms and conditions of the programme†. ttp://www. dcya. gov. ie/viewdoc. asp? DocID=120 Health and welfare One of the supports by the state for families is the provision of a medical card. A medical card is provided to families on low income to support them to get certain medical services free of charge. These service include attending a Doctor for free, hospital services and some dental treatment. To qualify for a medical card you are means tested and if you qualify it covers the whole family. The medical card scheme is rolled out by the Health Service Executive (HSE). The Department of Health and Children is responsible for health service provision in Ireland and these services are delivered by the Health Service Executive (HSE)† Donohoe J and Gaynor F, 2007, p203. Child benefit is a universal payment provided to all families whose children are under 16 years of age, or under 18 years of age if the child is in full-time education, or has a disability. The scheme is administered by the Department of Social Protection. You must register your baby when it is born to begin the claim process. There are different rates if you have one child and other rates for families with multiple children. â€Å"Child Benefit is paid at one and a half times the appropriate monthly rate for twins, and at double the appropriate monthly rate for triplets and other multiple births† Equal Opportunity legislation The Employment Equality Act 1998-2011 covers all workplaces and is designed to combat discrimination on nine grounds, these are gender, civil status, family status, sexual orientation, religion, age (does not apply to a person under 16, disability, race amp; membership of the Traveller community. This act covers all work places as mentioned above and if an employee feels they are discriminated on any of the grounds they are entitled to take a case to the Equality Tribunal. The role of the Equality Tribunal is to â€Å"investigate or mediates claims of unlawful discrimination under the equality legislation. A Tribunal mediator will facilitate parties to reach a mediated agreement which is legally binding. Where parties object to mediation, a case will be heard by a Tribunal Equality Officer, who will hear evidence from both parties before issuing a legally binding decision†. http://www. itizensinformation. ie/en/employment/equality_in_work/equality_authority. html The Equal Status Act 2002 and amended in 2004 also aims to combat discrimination but covers the provision of services such as training bodies etc. The Equality Authority provides information to the public on areas of discrimination, they do not take cases for individuals this is done by the Equality Tribunal m entioned above. Quality ECCE Environment Siolta As mentioned above for a childcare service to participate in the free pre-school year they must implement the principles and practices of Siolta. Siolta is the Irish word for seeds, the concept of the framework was that it was a development tool to support childcare services on a journey towards achieving their potential in terms of quality provision. â€Å"Siolta, the National Quality Framework for Early Childhood Education, was developed by the Centre for Early Childhood Development and Education on behalf of the Department of Education and Skills. It was published in 2006. Siolta is designed to define, assess and support the improvement of quality across all aspects of practice in early childhood care and education (ECCE) settings where children aged birth to six years are present. These settings include: * Full and Part-time Daycare * Childminding * Sessional services * Infant classes in primary schools† http://www. siolta. ie/index. php It is intended that Siolta can add value at many levels in practice situations e. g. support for team members and professional practice. Siolta comprises of 16 standards which cover all areas of practice. Services will address and aim to translate these into all areas of their childcare practice. Childcare services and the junior classes in primary Schools have been implementing the principles and practices as part of their curriculum for a number of years.

Data Mining and Automated Procedures in Business

Data Mining and Automated Procedures in Business Free Online Research Papers In today’s business world, information about the customer is a necessity for a businesses trying to maximize its profits. A new, and important, tool in gaining this knowledge is Data Mining. Data Mining is a set of automated procedures used to find previously unknown patterns and relationships in data. These patterns and relationships, once extracted, can be used to make valid predictions about the behavior of the customer. Data Mining is generally used for four main tasks: (1) to improve the process of making new customers and retaining customers; (2) to reduce fraud; (3) to identify internal wastefulness and deal with that wastefulness in operations, and (4) to chart unexplored areas of the internet (Cavoukian). The fulfillment of these tasks can be enhanced if appropriate data has been collected and if that data is stored in a data warehouse. According to Stanford University, A Data Warehouse is a repository of integrated information, available for queries and analysis. Data and information are extracted from heterogeneous sources as they are generated.This makes it much easier and more efficient to run queries over data that originally came from different sources. When data about an organization’s practices is easier to access, it becomes more economical to mine. â€Å"Without the pool of validated and scrubbed data that a data warehouse provides, the data mining process requires considerabl e additional effort to pre-process the data† (SAS Institute). There are several different types of models and algorithms used to â€Å"mine† the data. These include, but are not limited to, neural networks, decision trees, rule induction, boosting, and genetic algorithms. Neural networks are physical cellular systems which can acquire, store, and utilize experiential knowledge (Zurada). Neural networks offer a way to efficiently model large and complex problems. Decision trees are diagrams used for making decisions in business or computer programming. Branches are used to represent choices with associated risks, costs, results, or probabilities. Rule induction is a way of deriving a set of rules to classify cases (Two Crows). These set of rules differ from those in a decision tree in that they are independent from one another. Boosting is a technique in which multiple random samples of data are taken and a classification model for each set of data is made (Two Crows). The genetic algorithm is a model of machine learning, whose behavior is based on the processes of evolution in nature. Populations of data are resented by chromosomes and then go through a process of evolution. The members of one set of data compete to pass on their most favorable characteristics to the next generation of data. This process continues until the best data is found. Many of the models and algorithms used in data mining are simplifications of the linear regression model. Data Mining is largely, if not entirely used for business purposes. The highest users of data mining include banking, financial, and telecommunications industries (Two Crows). A survey taken by Two Crows Corporation turned up these applications of data mining:  · Ad revenue forecasting  · Churn (turnover) management  · Claims processing  · Credit risk analysis  · Cross-marketing  · Customer profiling  · Customer retention  · Electronic commerce  · Exception reports  · Food-service menu analysis  · Fraud detection  · Government policy setting  · Hiring profiles  · Market basket analysis  · Medical management  · Member enrollment  · New product development  · Pharmaceutical research  · Process control  · Quality control  · Shelf management/store management  · Student recruiting and retention  · Targeted marketing  · Warranty analysis Data mining will have a different effect on different industries in the business world. In the telecommunications industry, for example, in order to retain or build market share and expand or develop new products and services, service providers will have to make the necessary adaptations and changes that the industry and pace setting technology requires. â€Å"The most successful telecommunications companies will, of course, be the ones who can develop and market products and services that customers will buy,† says Julian Kulkarni, SAS institute Europe’s Product Marketing Coordinator for telecommunications. â€Å"But high customer churn rates in telcom markets show that you cannot depend on customer loyalty. To thrive, companies must know their customers, their products, their own operations, and the competition better.† The key to succeeding in this rapidly changing industry is to understand the customer, or the market that the customer represents. Through data mining, telecommunications companies can know what their customers have done in the past and what they will do in the future. With this information, the companies will be in ideal positions to make business decisions based on the information they have gained from the data mining process. Other real world examples of data mining include:  · Targeting a set of consumers who are most likely to respond to a direct mail campaign  · Predicting the probability of default for consumer loan applications  · Predicting audience share for television programs  · Predicting the probability that a cancer patient will respond to radiation therapy  · Predicting the probability that an offshore oil well is actually going to produce oil There are many computer applications on the market to assist businesses in the data mining process. The applicability of these programs can accommodate the various uses of data mining. Software titles include AC2, ALICE dIsoft, AutoClass C, C5.0 (See5), Clementine, Data Surveyor, DataDetective, DataEngine, Datasage, DataScope, DataX(tm), DbBridge, dbProbe, dbProphet, Explora, IBM Visualization Data Explorer, INLEN, IRIS, IXL IDIS software, LEVEL5 Quest, MineSet (SGI), ModelQuest MarketMiner, Nuggets(TM), Partek, PolyAnalyst, PV-WAVE, SE-Learn, Sipina-W v2.0 Sipina-Pro, Snob, SPSS Data Mining Software, The Data Mining Suite, Thinkbases Data Mining Product, TiMBL (Tilburg Memory Based Learner), Tooldiag, WINROSA, WinViz, WizWhy, XmdvTool, and XpertRule. Bibliography Cavoukian, Ann, Ph.D. â€Å"Data Mining: Staking a Claim on Your Privacy.† Jan. 1998 Pryke, Andy. â€Å"The Data Mine.† 23 Sep. 1998 SAS Institute Inc. â€Å"Data Mining.† 12 Jan. 2000 Two Crows Co. â€Å"Introduction to Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery.† 1999 Zurada, J.M. (1992), Introduction To Artificial Neural Systems, Boston: PWS Publishing Company, p. xv: Word Count: 1676 Research Papers on Data Mining and Automated Procedures in BusinessIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part OneThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office SystemInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfGenetic EngineeringAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

The most notable discoveries in biology, medicine and pharmacy during Essay

The most notable discoveries in biology, medicine and pharmacy during the Golden Age - Essay Example Some of the well-known physicians and thinkers are Al-Razi and Ibn Sina and they developed a healthcare system with hospitals running for 24 hours and treatment based in Ayurveda and Unani (Allsen, 1984, p, 67-69). Another renowned Islamic scholar Ibn Sina authored Canon of Medicine a seminal work that was printed many times and read in Europe. The scholar Ibn Al-Haitham wrote extensively on the subject of ophthalmology while Ishaq Ibn, another scholar wrote a treatise Practical Medical Deontology. Al-Tabari wrote, another scholar wrote the Paradise of Wisdom that linked diverse subjects namely, psychotherapy, counselling, psychology and medicine (Atiyeh & Hayes, 1992, p. 45-61). The scholar Zakariya Raziwas who served as the chief surgeon in the hospitals of Baghdad and Cairo, wrote the well-received Ahlaq al-Tabeeb. This was a book on medical ethics in which he discussed the model role of the physician and specified the methods to distinguish between measles and small pox and the method of treating these diseases (Lombard, 1975, p. 123-128). Raziwas also wrote the kitab-al Hawi fi al-tibb also called as the Comprehensive book of medicine with 23 volumes where each volume discussed specific parts of the body and their related diseases (Sonn, 2011, p. 81-89). This book was used as a textbook in several European universities until the seventeenth century. Another book he wrote was the Kitab Tibb al-Muluki where he discussed dieting and moderation and the manner in which diseases can be controlled through dieting (Meri, 2005, p. 63). Pharmacy: Medieval Islam produced many scholars who wrote about medicines obtained from plants and body parts of various animals. The Islamic scholar Yuhanna b. Masawayh wrote a treatise on the medicinal effects of Cannabis sativa Linnaeus or hemp and Papaver somniferum Linnaeus, poppy. He suggested using the drug to relieve pain from fevers, eye and toothaches

Free Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Free Healthcare - Essay Example (explanation) 2. The goal of free healthcare perfectly harmonizes with the ideals enshrined in the American constitution and the ethical moorings of the American society. Absence of free healthcare is un-American and un-democratic and interferes with the objective of social justice. (explanation) B. Absence of free healthcare exposes the lower strata of the American society to excessive stress and anxiety, thereby deteriorating its quality of life. 1. Citizens hailing from the weaker sections of the American society often have to face unwarranted stress and apprehension because of being unable to afford proper healthcare for themselves and their family members. (explanation) 2. Even if the poor Americans somehow manage to afford medical remedies for their health problems, it puts excessive burden on their financial resources and curtails their ability to allocate money for other basic necessitates like housing, nutrition, education and sanitation. (explanation) C. Absence of free healthcare is making America more vulnerable to pestilence and epidemics. 1. Many people being unable to afford medical care for their health problems simply carry on with their lives, without coming under the scrutiny of any health professional or agency. Presence of such unattended patients with potential infectious and contagious diseases jeopardizes the safety and well-being of the entire society. (explanation) 2. For example, the recent proliferation of Swine Flu in North America made it mandatory to quarantine and isolate... 2. The goal of free healthcare perfectly harmonizes with the ideals enshrined in the American constitution and the ethical moorings of the American society. Absence of free healthcare is un-American and un-democratic and interferes with the objective of social justice. (explanation) 1. Citizens hailing from the weaker sections of the American society often have to face unwarranted stress and apprehension because of being unable to afford proper healthcare for themselves and their family members. (explanation) 2. Even if the poor Americans somehow manage to afford medical remedies for their health problems, it puts excessive burden on their financial resources and curtails their ability to allocate money for other basic necessitates like housing, nutrition, education and sanitation. (explanation) 1. Many people being unable to afford medical care for their health problems simply carry on with their lives, without coming under the scrutiny of any health professional or agency. Presence of such unattended patients with potential infectious and contagious diseases jeopardizes the safety and well-being of the entire society. (explanation) 2. For example, the recent proliferation of Swine Flu in North America made it mandatory to quarantine and isolate the infected individuals.

You Sherlock Holmes are now knighted Essay Example for Free

You Sherlock Holmes are now knighted Essay He also thought that I was the best detective in Europe. I took him into my study. We both sat down in the study and he said that he was no other than the king of bohemia, my heart started to go a little faster. (But when I was I detective I took cocaine to sharpen my mind and also to carm me down! ) I asked him what his problem was and what he wanted me to do. The king told me he wanted me to get him a picture that Irene Adler had. I wondered silently, the importance of the picture, so I asked him out right The very words he said were that Irene was going to make this picture of him and her, public. If Irene Adler were to make this picture public, then the king of Bohemia would be ruined. The king then went away, I needed to research Irene Adler. So I looked up Irene Adler in my index. My index told me that she was pretty, very popular and she has a very quiet social life, I thought she is only a woman what is the worst that she can do? I was very determined to get the picture because if I were to get this picture then I would get a large bag of gold and a enormous amount of money. Watson and I had now found out a little more about Irene Adler. But for now we needed to get the picture she had in he hands. I went to Briony lodge in a hansom cab. (Which was where Irene Adler was. ) I was there outside Irene Adlers house. I waited for about half an hour, but nothing happened. Then there was some one came out of the house. The person who come out was of briony lodge was Godfrey Norton. Godfrey and Irene went on to the church. Just as they were setting off to the church I could remember hearing Irene screaming twenty sovereigns if you get to the church in twenty minutes. I didnt know what to do, should I look around Irene Adlers house or should I follow them to the church. I had come to my decision. I followed them to the church. I arrived at the church. To my surprise Godfrey Norton had seen me lurking at the back of the church. Godfrey said to me come on we need another person to witness this wedding or else it wont be legal. Now that I had now seen Irene Adler I needed to get the all-important picture that she had. But I thought where would she have the picture hidden? Watson and I tried to guess where Irenes most important place was. I decided that her house would be the safest place for Irene to hide the all-important picture. Watson and I needed to come up with a way to get into her house. I sat down with Watson and I began to tell Watson my Machiavellian plan. First Watson threw a rocket, so that Irene would go to the picture thinking it was fire. While all of this was going on, Holmes in his clergyman disguise would follow Irene to the picture! That was our plan but would it work? All we needed to do now was to but the plan into action. Watson and I went over to Irene Adlers house, to my astonishment there was a fight out side Irenes house. I went to protect Irene from the tussel. I survived, and then went on into Irenes house. I was in the house where the picture of the king was. I waited for a little while then gave the signal for Watson to throw the smoke rocket into the house. Watson threw the rocket into the house, when the rocket entered the fire alarm went off. I followed the beautiful Irene Adler. I was correct in thinking that she would go to the picture. I went home to tell Watson I knew where the picture was! The following day the king came back to my house and demanded me to get the picture. I told the king that Irene Adler was married and that she would not even hesitate to make the picture public. After the case I received a letter; the letter informed me that Irene was working against Watson and me. I then thought that Irene was a lot smarter than I had anticipated. As a result of my work, the king was grateful and rewarded me with jewels. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

Salem Witch Trials Essay -- essays research papers

Deep inside a town in Massachusetts innocent people were accused of the devil’s work, witchcraft. God-fearing Puritans took it upon themselves to exterminate Satan’s followers influenced by anti-witch ideas and other sources including books and the words of various priests. Over 100 people were given unfair trials; many were jailed while quite a few were lynched. Although the Salem witch trials are considered one of the depressing parts of American history the topic also provides an interesting look at how people thought and lived during the colonials times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The practice of capturing witches didn’t start at Salem. For centuries Europeans had been catching supposed witches and burning them at the stake. In 1492 two priests were elected by the Catholic Church to write a book on the evils of witchcraft. The book was read widely and told people how witches worked for the devil and the various ways they could torture and kill people. After reading this book and another anti-witchcraft book, Relating to Witchcraft and Possessions, by Cotton Mather(a local priest) which encouraged colonists that even torture was fine to convict people of sorcerery(since real witches couldn’t feel pain) it was no wonder that the Puritans of Salem took it upon themselves to expel witches in God’s name. Another cause of the trials was a problem brewing in Salem itself. For many years Salem Town and Salem Village had been separate parts of Salem. Salem Town had the rich m...

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Topic:4Saving and Investment Definition and Kinds of Investment; Autonomous and Induced etc. Determinants of investment. Present Value Criteria for Investment. Investment Demand and Output Growth. Tobin’s Q-Theory. Lags in Investment Demand. Derivation of IS-curve, Shape of IS-curve. Volatility of Investment. Investment Demand and Fiscal Policy. Shifts in Investment Demand Curve and output determination. Topic:5 Money Market: The Demand and Supply of Money Money Demand and its Determinants, Regressive Expectation Model. Portfolio Balance Approach, Empirical Estimation of Income and Interest Elasticities.Supply of Money, Determinants of Money Supply. Measurement of Money Supply and its implications, Instruments of Monetary Policy. Interest Sensitivity of Money Supply. Quantity Theory of Money and its Critical Review. Fischer effect, Money, Prices and Inflation. Derivation of LM Curve and its Slope. LM Curve and Money Market Equilibrium. Interaction of IS-LM and Equilibrium. Top ic:6. Aggregate Demand, Supply and Stabilization Policy Keynesian Models: Liquidity Trap. Effectiveness of Policy and Price Rigidity. Slope of Aggregate Supply and Demand Curves. Liquidity Trap. Grand Aggregate Demand Curve.Interaction of IS-LM and Determination of output: Short-run and Long-run analysis: Aggregate Demand and Supply and their Slopes. Slope of IS-LM in Short-run and Long-run. Vertical / Horizontal Shapes of these Curves. Classical and Keynesian Models. Shocks to Aggregate Demand and Supply and Stabilization Policy. Supply Side Economics. Stagflation and Stabilization Policies, Shocks to IS-LM and its Outcomes and Policy Implications. Short-run – Long-run Philip Curves. Long-run and Vertical Aggregate Supply Curve. Ineffectiveness of Keynesian Policies, Technical Change and Shift in Vertical Aggregate Supply Curve.Part B: Topic:7. Open Economy and Macroeconomic Stabilization Exchange Rates and their Determinants: Mundell – Fleming Model (MFM): Small open Economy with perfect Capital Mobility. IS-LM: Goods and Money Market. Small Open Economy, Floating Exchange Rate and Fiscal Policy. Fixed Exchange Rate and Fiscal Policy. Flexible and Managed Exchange Rates. Monetary Policy, Devaluation and Recovery from great depression. Trade Policy: Mundell-Fleming Model (MFM) with changing Price Level. MFM and large open Economy. Depreciation and its impacts. Income Absorption Approach and exchange Adjustment and Balance of Payment.Topic:8. Labor Market, Price Expectation and Unemployment Demand and Supply of Labour, Equilibrium in the Labour Market. The Sticky Wage Model, Insider-Outsider Models. The Workers – Misperception Model, The Imperfect – Information Model, The Sticky Price Model. Rational Expectation (RE), Adaptive Expectations, RE and Painless Disflation, Hysteresis and challenge to Natural rate Hypothesis. Topic:9. Macroeconomic Policy Debate Policy Actions: Active or Passive, Ignorance, Expectations and the Lucas Crit ique. Conduct of Policy: Rule vs. Discretion, Distrust of Policy makers and Political Process.Macroeconomics Policy: Rules for Fiscal Policy, making Policy in uncertain World. Seignorage and Inflation: What can Policy Accomplish? Monetarists vs. Activists debate. Phillips Curve: Short run and Long run analysis. The expectation augmented Phillips Curve. Money Inclusion and output. Short Run and Long Run Adjustment. Perfect Foresight and Adjustment. Topic:10. Government Debt and Budget Deficit The size of Government Debt, Measurement Problem: Inflation, Capital Assets, Business Cycle etc. Ricardian view of Debt: Ricardian Equivalence, Consumers and Future Taxes.Tax shooting, Delayed Stabilization, Ricardo and Ricardian Equivalence and Debate. Model of Debt Crises. Topic:11. Economic Fluctuation and Its Sources The Theory of Real Business Cycles: Interpretation: Labor Market, Technology Shocks. Household Behaviour, the persistence of output Fluctuations. Limitations of the Model. The C hallenges:What we know and what we don’t know? Long-run and Country’s Capacity to Produce. Short-run and influence of Aggregate Demand. Random Walk Model. What Determines Inflation Rate, Unemployment Rate and Output Growth? Can we revise Natural Rate of Output?Should we stabilize the Economy? The cost of Inflation? The problem of Budget Deficit? Topic:12. Long-Term Growth and Full Employment †¢ Basic Neo-Classical Growth Model and Equilibrium Capital / Output Ratio, Wage – Profit Relative Shares. †¢ Neo-Classical Model with Technical Progress: ? Capital Embodied Technical Progress. ? Neutral Disembodied Technical Progress. ? Labor-Augmenting Disembodied Technical Progress. †¢ Kaldor Saving Function and Neoclassical Production Function. †¢ Golden Rule and Optimal Growth Models. †¢ New Growth Theory / Endogenous Growth. Recommended Books: 1.Branson, William H. , (1979), Macroeconomic Theory and Policy, Harper and Row Publishers, New York / London. 2. Branson, William H. , and Litvack James M. , Macroeconomics*, (Latest Edition), Princeton University. 3. Glahe, Fred R. , (Latest Edition), Macroeconomics, Theory and Policy, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc. 5. Mankiw, Gregory N. , (2000) Macroeconomics*, Worth Publishers, New York. 6. Peel D. and Minfow P. , (2002). Advance Macroeconomics, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, U. K. 7. Romer, David, (2001). Advanced Macroeconomics*, McGraw Hills, New York / London. 8. Sargent, Thomas J. (1988) Rational Expectations and Inflation*, Harper and Raw Publishers, New York / London. 9. Rosalind Leveic and Alexander Reborens, Macro-economics: An Introduction to Keynesian Neo-Classical Controversies; Macmillan (Latest edition). 10. Denison, Edward F. 1985. Trends in American Economic Growth, 1929-1982. Washington: The Brookings Institution. *Strongly Recommended Additional Reading Material / Research Papers: 1. Ball, Laurence, Mankiw, N. Gregory, and Romer, David. 1988. â€Å"The New Keynesi an Economics and the Output-Inflation Tradeoff. † Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, No. , 1-65, Reprinted in Mankiw and Romer (1991). 2. Barro, Robert J. 1976. â€Å"Rational Expectations and the Role of Monetary Policy. † Journal of Monetary Economics 2 (January): 1-32. 3. Barro, Robert J. 1989. â€Å"Interest-Rate Targeting. † Journal of Monetary Economics 23 (January): 3-30. 4. Barro, Robert, J. , and Gordon, David B. 1983b. â€Å"Rules, Discretion and Reputation in a Model of Monetary Policy. † Journal of Monetary Economics 12 (July): 101-121. Reprinted in Persson and Tabellini (1994). 5. Bernheim, B. Douglas. 1987, â€Å"Ricardian Equivalence: An Evaluation of Theory and Evidence. NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2: 263-304. 6. Blanchard, Olivier J. 1984. â€Å"The Lucas Critique and the Volcker Deflation. † American Economic Review 74 (May): 211-215. 7. Fischer, Stanley. 1993. â€Å"The Role of Macroeconomic Factors in Growth. † Journal of Monetary Economics 32 (December): 485-512. 8. Friedman, Milton, 1968. â€Å"The Role of Monetary Policy†. American Economic Review 58 (March): 1-17. 9. Genberg, Hans. 1978. â€Å"Purchasing Power Parity under Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates. † Journal of International Economics 8 (May): 247-276. 10. Long, John B. , and Plosser, Charles I. 983. â€Å"Real Business Cycles. † Journal of Political Economy 91 (February): 39-69. 11. Mankiv, G. , N. (1990), A quick Refresher Course in Macroeconomics, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXVIII, 1645-60. 12. Romer, Christina D. 1999. â€Å"Changes in Business Cycles: Evidence and Explanations. † Journal of Economic Perspectives 13 (spring): 23-44. 13. Romer, Paul M. 1990. â€Å"Endogenous Technological Change. † Journal of Political Economy 1998 (October, Part 2): S71-S102. Paper 3. MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS Topic 1:The Nature of Mathematical Economics Ingredients of mathematical models.Derivations: Equ ation of a straight line and its forms: Two point, intercept, point slope and slop intercept. Types of functions: constant, polynomial, rational, non-algebraic. Relationships and functions. Indices & their rules. Functions of more than two independent variables. Logarithms & the rules of logarithms. Topic 2:Equilibrium Analysis in Economics A linear partial equilibrium market model. The effect of an excise tax in a competitive market. Non linear market model. General Market Equilibrium. Equilibrium in a linear National Income Model. Topic 3:Linear Models and Matrix AlgebraTheory of matrix multiplication. Laws of matrix operations. Types of matrices: Square, identity, null, idempotent, diagonal, transpose and their properties. Conditions for non singularity of a matrix. Minors and cofactors. Determinant & its properties. Solution of linear equations through Gaussian method, Cramer’s rule and Inverse of a matrix method. Properties of inverse of a matrix. Use of matrix approach in market & national income models. Topic 4:Input-Output Analysis Input-output model, its structure and its derivation. The use of input output model in Economics. Topic 5:DifferentiationRules of differentiation. Differentiation of a function of one variable. Sum-difference, product, quotient, chain, power, inverse, logarithmic & exponential functions Combinations of rules. Higher order derivatives. Economic applications of derivative. Concept of maxima & minima, elasticity and point of inflection. Profit & revenue maximization under perfect competition, under monopoly. Maximizing excise tax revenue in monopolistic competitive market, Minimization of cost etc. Topic 6:Partial & Total Differentiation Partial differentiation & its rules. Higher order & cross partial derivatives (young’s theorem).Total differential & total derivatives. Implicit functions rule of differentiation. Optimizing cubic functions & their economic application. Topic 7:Economic Applications of Partial & T otal Differentiation Comparative static analysis: a linear Partial equilibrium market model, a linear National Income model. Partial elasticities. Production functions Analysis. Maximization & Minimization of unconstrained functions & their economic applications: Profit maximization by a multi-product firm under perfect Competition & monopoly, Price discrimination, Multi-plant monopoly, input decisions etc.Topic 8:Optimization: Constrained & Extrema Free and constrained optimization, extrema of a function of two variables: graphical analysis, Lagrange method. Utility maximization & Cost minimization. Homogenous Production function, Cobb Douglas Production function. Jaccobian determinants. CES Production Function. Translof Function. Topic 9:Linear Programming Ingredients of linear Programming. Graphical approach, simplex method, economic application of linear programming. Concept of primal & dual. Duality theorems. Solving of Primal via dual.Economic interpretation of a dual. Recomme nded Books: 1. Chiang, A. C. , Fundamental Methods of Mathematical Economics, McGraw Hills, (Latest Edition). 2. Baumol W. J. , Economic Dynamics, Macmillan, (Latest edition). 3. Budnick, Frank, Applied Mathematics for Business, Economics and Social Sciences. 4. Dowling E. T. , Mathematics for economists, Schum Series (latest edition). 5. Weber E. Jean, Mathematical Analysis, Business and Economic Applications (Latest Edition) Harper and Row Publishers, New York. Paper 4. STATISTICS FOR ECONOMISTS Topic 1:IntroductionDescriptive and inferential statistics; Variable and constant, population and sample, parameter and statistic; The four basic activities in statistics: Designing a plan for data collection, Exploring the data, Estimating an unknown quantity, Hypothesis testing; Type of measurement scales: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio; Types of data: Univariate, Bivariate and Multivariate data, Primary and secondary data, Quantitative data and qualitative data, Time series, Cross -sectional and pooled data; Significant digits and rounding off numbers; Errors: Biased and unbiased.Topic 2:Presentation of Data and Measure of Central Tendency Introduction; Classification; Tabulating numerical data: The frequency distribution, The cumulative frequency distribution, The relative frequency distribution, The percentage frequency distribution; Graphic and diagrammatic representation: Bar chart, Pie chart, Histograms, Frequency curves and Histo-grams; Histograms by Hand: Stem-and-leaf.Measure of central tendency; Introduction; Types of Averages: Mean: Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean, Harmonic mean, Trimmed mean and Winsorized mean; Quintiles: Median, Quartiles, Deciles, Percentiles; The mode; Box plot and detailed box plot; Empirical relation between Mean, Median and Mode; The cumulative distribution function: Finding the percentile ranking for a given number, Finding the percentile for a given percentage; Summary measures and type of data. Topic 3:Measures of Dispers ion, Skewness and KurtosisAbsolute and relative measure of dispersion; Different measures of dispersion: The Range, Quartile deviation, Mean deviation, Variance and standard deviation: Definition and interpretation of variance and standard deviation, Computation of variance and standard deviation, Step deviation method or coding method, Coefficient of variation, Standardized variable, Properties of standard deviation and variance; Skewness: Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness, Bowley’s coefficient of skewness; Kurtosis. Topic 4:Probability and Probability DistributionA survey of probability concepts: Classical probability, Empirical concept, Subjective probability; Some rules of probability: Rules of addition, Rules of multiplication; Tree diagrams; Conditional Probability, Bayes Theorem; Counting rules: The multiplication formula, The permutation formula, The combination formula. Discrete probability distribution, Random variables, Discrete random variable, Continu ous random variable; The mean, variance and standard deviation of a probability distribution; Binomial probability distribution, and its computation.Cumulative probability distributions, Properties of Binomial probability distribution. The normal probability distributions: Properties of normal distribution, Applications of the standard normal distribution, Areas under the normal curve, Finding areas under the normal curve; The normal approximation to the binomial; Continuity correction factor. Topic 5:Survey Sampling and Sampling DistributionsSampling the population, Advantages of sampling, Representative samples, Sample design and sample survey, Sampling frame, Probability and non-probability sampling, Sampling with and without replacement, Sampling and non-sampling error, sampling bias; Probability sampling and non-probability sampling methods; Sampling distribution of the mean; The central limit theorem; Sampling distribution of differences between means; Sampling distribution of sample proportion; Sampling distribution of differences between proportions.Topic 6:Estimation and Confidence Intervals Point estimates and confidence intervals; Estimation by confidence interval: Confidence interval estimate of a population mean (Known Variance), Confidence interval estimate of a population mean (Unknown Variance) Confidence interval for differences of means, Confidence interval for differences of means; Confidence interval for population proportion, Confidence interval for differences between proportions; One sided confidence interval; Sample size for estimating population mean.Topic 7:Hypothesis Testing One sample test of hypothesis; One Sample; One tail and two tails tests of significance; Testing for a population mean with a known population standard deviation: Two-tailed test, one-tailed test; P-Value in hypothesis testing; Testing for a population mean: Large sample, Population standard deviation unknown; Testing hypotheses about population proportion when s ample size is large; Type II error. Testing of two Sample Hypothesis: Population means, Population proportions; comparing populations with small samples.Topic 8:Chi Square Applications Introduction; Goodness-of-fit test: Equal expected frequencies; Goodness-of-fit test: Unequal expected frequencies; Limitations of Chi  square; Using the goodness-of-fit test to test for normality; Contingency Table Analysis. Topic 9:Analysis of Variance Introduction, The F distribution; Comparing two population variances; ANOVA assumptions; ANOVA test; Inferences about pairs of treatment means; Two-way analysis of variance. Topic 10:Simple Linear Regression and Correlation AnalysisScatter diagram; Standard methods for obtaining regression line: (i) Inspection, (ii) Semi average, (iii) Least squares principle; Assumptions underlying linear regression; Measures of variation: Standard error of the estimate, Coefficient of determination; Prediction in Regression Analysis; Interpolation verses extrapola tion; Correlation analysis; Scatter diagram; The coefficient of correlation: Properties/characteristic of coefficient of correlation, Correlation and causation; The relationship among the correlation coefficient, the coefficient of determination and the standard error of estimate; Inference about the slope and correlation coefficient; t-test for the slope, F- test for the slope, t-test for correlation coefficient; Estimation of the mean values and predication of individual values; Confidence interval and predication interval estimate; Rank correlation. Topic 11:Multiple Linear Regression and Correlation AnalysisMultiple linear regression model, Interpretation of partial regression coefficients; Estimation of multiple linear regression model with two explanatory variables by using Least squares principle, Matrix approach, Deviation form; Pitfalls and problems in multiple regression: Multicollinearity, Variable selection, Model misspecification; Multiple standard error of estimate; Co efficient of multiple determination (adjusted and unadjusted); Evaluating the regression equation: Using a scatter diagram, Correlation matrix, Global test, Individual variable significance test, Qualitative independent variables; Multiple regressions in terms of linear correlation coefficients; Multiple correlation and partial correlation; Nonlinear regression models; Dealing with nonlinear relationship and unequal variability. Topic 12:Applied Statistics Index Numbers, Un-weighted index numbers; Simple aggregative index; Weighted indexes; Laspeyre’s price index, Paaseche’s price index, Marshal- Edgeworth price index; Fisher’s ideal index; Consumer Price Index (CPI), Producer Price Index (PPI), CPI versus GDP Deflator; Issues in constructing and using index numbers; Application of index numbers to business and economics.An overview of time series analysis; Component Factors of the classical multiplication time series model and their estimation: Secular trend; C yclical variation, Seasonal variation, Irregular variation; Smoothing the annual time series and using it in forecasting: Moving averages, Weighted moving averages, Exponential smoothing; Using trend and seasonal component in forecasting; Time series and forecasting; The multiplicative model, Calculating the seasonal indexes, De-seasonalization the time series, Using deseasonalized time series to identify trend, Seasonal adjustments, Model based on monthly data, Cyclical component; Modeling cyclic behavior using box-Jenkins ARIMA processes; Using regression analysis in forecasting; Qualitative approach to forecasting: Delphi method, Expert judgment, Scenario writing, Intuitive approaches; Choosing an appropriate forecasting model; Some observations on time series analysis. Recommended Text books: 1. Lind, Douglas A. , Marshal, William G. and Mason, Robert D. , Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics (11th edition). Boston: McGraw Hill, 2003. 2.Chaudhry, Sher Mohammad and Ka mal, Shahid, Introduction to Statistical Theory (7th edition). Lahore: Ilmi Kitab Khana, 2002. 3. Siegel, Andrew F. , Practical Business Statistics (5th edition). Boston: McGraw Hill, 2003. 4. Newbold, Paul, Carlson, William L. and Thorne, Betty M, Statistics for Business and Economics (5th edition). New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002. 5. Keller, Gerald and Warrack, Brian, Statistics for Management and Economics (5th edition). Boston: Duxbury Thomson Learning, 2000. Additional Readings: 1. Berenson, Mark L. , Levine, David M. and Krehbiel, Timothy C. , Basic Business Statistics: Concepts and Applications (9th edition). New Jersay: Prentice Hall, 2004. 2. Barron, Michael M. Statistics for Economics Accounting and Business Studies (Latest Edition), New York, Prentice Hall. 3. Carlson, William L. and Thorne, Betty, Applied Statistical Methods for Business Economics and Social Sciences (Latest edition). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 4. Moore, David S. , The Basic Practice of Statistics (2nd e dition). New York: Freeman,2000. Paper 5. ISLAMIC ECONOMICS Note: The instructor concerned may assign additional and latest literature on the subject matter. The references provided at the end of the course are just helping literature. Students must consult additional literature on each topic. Topic 1:Introduction: Islamic Economics i) Nature, and Importance of Islamic Economics.Islamic Economics Versus Economics of Secular Economy and Mixed Economic System. ii) Brief Introduction of Basic Values of Islam; Taqva, Halal and Haram, Justice, Benevolence, Equality, Brotherhood and Cooperation as Determinants of Economic Behaviour and Policies. Topic 2:Major Economic Thoughts: Contribution of Scholars Contribution of some Earlier Muslim Scholars in the Development of Islamic Economics (Imam Abu Yousuf, Imam Abu Ubaid Al Qasim,, Ibn-e-Khaldoon, Imam Ibn-e-Taimiah, Shah Waliullah Dehlvi, Baqar-al-Sadar). Topic 3:Islamic Economic System Silent features of Islamic Economic System; objectives , Economic Freedom, Property and Ownership Rights. The Concept of Equality and Efficiency.The Relative Importance of Capital and Labour. Priority to Basic Needs. Concepts of Ownerships and Implication. Welfare and income Distribution. Comparison of Islamic Economic System with Capitalism and Socialism, with respect to above cited principles / values of Islam. Topic 4:Microeconomics in Islamic Framework The Consumer Behaviour in Islam. Utility, Moderation, optional Consumption Behaviour. Organization of Production and Behavioural Theories of Firms. Objectives and Behaviour of Firm in Islamic Economy. Business Ethics in Production and Marketing. Hoarding and Gains. Market Structure – Monopoly and Competition, Resource Allocation in Islamic Environment and Cartels.Concepts of Fair Trade. Stockists / Wholesales, determination of Prices and Rate of Normal Profit / Meeting of Losses. Price Mechanism and State Role in Regulation of Markets. Topic 5:The Modes of Financing In Islam Mo darba and Musharka Types of Bai. (Bai-Salam, Bai Muajjal, Morabaha. ) Saving and Investment in Islam. Investment of Savings for Gains. Topic 6:Distribution in Islamic Economy Islamic Stress on Circulating of Wealth. Steps against Concentration of Wealth. Social Justice in Islam. Rights of Labour, Distributive Justice Use of Land and Other Natural Resources and their Rewards. Role of State in Distribution of Wealth.Topic 7:Some Basic Macroeconomic Concepts Consumption, saving and Investment Functions in Islamic Environment. Determents of Islamic Consumption Function, Concept to Help others, Welfare and Religious believes. Zakat and Usher. Topic 8:Demand and Supply of Money and Banking Gold Money, Paper Money and Credit Money. Western Justification of interest. Islamic Concept of Riba, its Implications and Alternatives. Functions of Commercial Banks in Islamic Framework. Central Banking and Monetary Policy in Islamic Framework. Central Banking and Monetary Policy in Islam. Inflation V s. Design of Capital Market. Monetary Policy in an Islamic Framework. Topic 9:Zakat, Social Justice and StateMeaning of Zakat, Nisab, Introductory Hints about items of Zakat. Distributive Role of Zakat and Social Justice. Zakat as a tool in Fiscal Policy. Economic Role of Islamic State. Welfare consumption and limits. Revenue and Expenditure Items in Modern Islamic States. Beneficiaries of Zakat. The Tax Policy of Islam. Nature and Scope of Fiscal Policy in Islamic State (Taxation Policy). Expenditure Principles. Burden of Taxes. Topic 10:Economic Planning and Development Concepts and Objectives of Economic Development in Islam. Resources for Development. Nature of Economic Planning in Islam. Topic 11:The Islamisation Process In Pakistan The Islamisation of Banks. Implementation of Zakat / Usher in Pakistan.A brief Survey of Changes in Economic Structure and Conditions Since the Holy Prophet (regarding Transport / communication, Business Forms, Production of Goods, Money and Banking ). Topic 12:New Emerging Issues and Challenges Current Situation and Proposed Changes. Islamic View of International Economic Institutions and Modes of International Cooperation. Islamic View of Globalization. Quality Identification of Goods, Merits and Trade. Fair Prices Vs. Market Price etc. Books Recommended: Basic Texts: 1. Islamic Economics: Theory and Practice, A Comparatice Study, M. A. Mannan, Cambridge, Hodder and Stoughton, 1986 (or latest ed. ) 2. Islamic Economics: Dar A. H & M.. Akram Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore (latest ed. 3. Macro Consumption Function in an Islamic Economic Framework, M. Fahim Khan, International Centre for Research In Islamic Economics, King Abdual Aziz Univ, KSA. References: 1. Ahmad, Khurshid, (latest edition), Fiscal Policy and Revenue Allocation in Islam, International Islamic University, Islamabad. 2. Anf A. Q. Mannan M. A. (1995), Developing a System of Financial Instruments IRTI, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah. 3. Badawi, Imam Abu Abaid Al-Qasi m Muhammad A. Zaki, Kitab ul Amwal: , Zakat and Social Justice, Islamic Council of Europe, London, 1979. 4. Chapra T M. , The Economic System of Islam, University of Karachi, 1991. 5.Chapra, Umer, Monetary Policy in an Islamic Economy, in Money and Banking in Islam, Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad. 6. Ghazanfar S. M. , (2003), Medieval Islamic Economic Thoughts, Routledge Publishers. 7. Khan M. Fahim, (1995), Human Resource Mobilization Through the Profit, Loss Sharing Based Financial System, IRTI, Islamic Development Bank Jeddah. 8. Khan, Tariq ullah, (1996), Practice and Performance of Mudarba, A case study of Pakistan, IRTI, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah. 9. Khurshid, Ahmad, Elimination of Riba: Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad. 10. Mahdi, M. Ahmad, (1995), Islamic Banking Modes for House Building Finance, IRTI, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah. 11. Mannan M.A, (1996), Financing Development in Islam, IRTI, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah. 12. Naqvi Syed Nawab Hyd er Ethics and Economics: . Leicester, The Islamic Foundation. 1981. 13. Nomani, Farhad & Rehnuma. , Ali, Islamic Economic Systems: – Zed Books Ltd. , London, 1994. 14. Nuti, D. Haris, (1995), The Economics of Participation, IRTI, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah. 15. Siddiqui, M. N. , Muslim Economic Thinking, Leicester, The Islamic Foundation. 1985. 16. Tago, Usman, Justice: Introduction to Islamic Finance, (2000), Idara-tul- ma’arif edition. 17. Yusaf , Imam Abu, Kita bur Kharaj, Lahore, Islamic Book Centre, 1979. Paper 6. MAJOR ISSUES IN PAKISTAN ECONOMY Topic 1:Overview of Pakistan EconomyDevelopment Experience, Approaches, Policies and Outcomes. Identification of Issues: The era of 1950’s, 1960’s, 1970’s, 1980’s 1990’s and 2000’s. Structural Change and Sources of Growth. Emergence of Economic Issues, Human Resource Development, Unemployment, Poverty, Income Distribution, Debt, Deficit etc. Growth with limited development i n Pakistan. Topic 2:Development Planning and Resource Mobilization Agricultural Development Policies and Priorities, Major Targets of Develop Plans and Emerging Issues; Neglects and Successes: Mobilization of Domestic Resources; Shortages, Deficits and Role of Foreign Aid. Agricultural Vs. Industrial Development Debate. Agricultural Adequacy.Topic 3:Agriculture and Industrial Development: Emerging Issues Pattern of Agricultural and Industrial Development, Land Reforms and Its Impacts, the Role of Green Revolution and its Impacts: Present Status. Agricultural Price Policy and Income Tax. Sectoral Terms of Trade. Industrial Development Policies and Strategies. Development of Large and Small Industries. Value Added: Manufacturing Goods Vs. Primary Goods Production. Agriculture Vs. Industry: Development Debate. Topic 4:Sectoral Development, Employment Pattern and Unemployment Sectoral Priorities and Development Issues. Human Resource Development and Emerging Issues: Population Growth, L abor Force Participation Rate and Employment Pattern, Unemployment and Underemployment, Forecasting Manpower Needs and Employment. Strategies to combat unemployment.Criteria to Measure Unemployment / Underemployment: Time Criterion, Productivity Criterion and New Index of Unemployment: Application to Pakistan and Empirical Evidences. Good Goverence, Social Action Plan and its Impact. Role of Institution in Development. Social Sectors development Vs. High Retun Sectors: Growth trade off. Topic 5:International Debt and Dependency Concepts of Foreign Aid and Debt. Borrowing Vs. Domestic Reserve Mobilization (failure). Size of Foreign Debt, Debt Saving and its Impacts. Strategies to combat with High Debt: Saving Policy, Foreign Trade Promotion, Cutting non-development Expenditures, Rescheduling and its Impacts.Debt Management in Pakistan and Its Impacts. Debt Modeling and Future Implications. Topic 6:Poverty and Income Distribution Pattern of Income Distribution: Rural and Urban. Defini tions and Approaches to Measure Poverty: Income Approach, Expenditure Approach, Basic Needs Approach, Poverty of Participatory Index (POPI). How to Combat Poverty; Growth Strategy, Basic Needs, Labor Intensive Investment: Education / Training etc. and Social Action Plan (SAP) , its Role and Critical Review, Evasion of Policies / Strategies to Combat Poverty and Improving Income Distribution: Critical Evaluation. Neglect of Human Resource Development. Child Labor. Factors Productivity Issues.Topic 7:Inflation, Foreign Trade Deficit and Emerging Issues Sources of Inflation in Pakistan. Policies to Combat Inflation and their Impacts. Trade Performance, Instability and its Impacts. Policies to Combat Deficit and Trade Instability. WTO and Its Impacts. Reforms and Further Needs. Expected Impacts of WTO and Challenges. Terms of Trade Issues, Market Access and Health Related Rates. Recommended Books: 1. Aslam M. , Perspective on Development Planning In Pakistan, Allied Book Centre, Lahore, 2001-2002. 2. Chaudhary M. Aslam and Ahmad Eatzaz: Globalization, WTO and Trade Liberalization in Pakistan, FerozSons, Lahore (2004). 3.Chaudhary M. Aslam, Human Resource Development and Management in Pakistan, Ferozsons, Lahore (1989). 4. Ishrat Hussain, Pakistan: The Economy at the Gross Roads – Past Policies and Present Imperatives, Oxford Univ. Press, Karachi, 1988. 5. Khan, Shahrukh R. , 50 Years of Pakistan’s Economy – Traditional Topics and Contemporary Concerns. Oxford Univ. Press, Karachi (2000). 6. Mahbool-ul-Haq Centre for Human Development (MHCHD), Poverty Profile of Pakistan, (1989) Oxford University Press. 7. ————– Human Development In South Asia, Annual Report. 8. Saeed, Khawaja Amjad, The Economy of Pakistan, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2004. 9.Zaidi, Akbar, (1999), Issues in Pakistan Economy, Oxford Univ. , Press, Karachi. 10. World Development Reports, World Bank. (Note:Teacher(s) must assign latest res earch papers pertaining to each topic) M. A. Part II Paper 1. INTERNATIONAL TRADE THEORY AND FINANCE A)International Trade Theory Topic1. Importance and Bases of Trade Why Study International Economics? The Changing World and Interdependence: Basis of Trade, Gains from Trade. Absolute Advantage, Comparative Advantage, Overview of Comparative Advantage and Pattern of Trade. Offer Curves and Free Trade Equilibrium. Disagreements on Free Trade: Overview of Emergency of International Trade Issues.The Elasticity of Exports Demand and Balance of Payment. Substitution and Income Effects, Impacts of Rise in Exports Demand. Topic 2. Growth and Trade International Trade and Shift in Production Function, Immerizing Growth, Output Growth and Terms of Trade (T. O. T) / Deterioration: Uniform Growth at given T. O. T. The Transfer Problem: Marshall Plan and Transfers, Transfer of Resources: Neutral Case. Topic 3. Technology and Factor Endowment Ricardian Trade Model, World Production and Gains. Co mparative Cost and Trade Pattern. National and World Gains from Trade. International Wage differentials and Productivity. Technical Progress and International Gains.WTO and Gains from Technical Progress: Impacts on Prices. Equilibrium Production and Consumption: Non-traded and Tradeables, Costs, Marginal Physical Product and Production Possibilities. Production Possibilities with Diminishing Returns, Increasing Opportunity Cost. Free Trade and Income Distribution, Relative Demand, Supply and Pattern of Trade. Dutch Disease and its application. Topic 4. Factor Endowment and Heckscher – Ohlin Theory Output and Factors Rewards in 2*2 Model. Factor Intensity Comparison. Heckscher- Ohlin (H. O) Model, The Role of Demand, Factor’s Prices and Commodity Prices, Factor Price Equalization, and Factor Intensity Reversal.Newly Industrializing Countries (NIC’s) and Footloose Production Process. NIC’s and H. O Theorem. The Product Cycle, Critical Analysis of Traditiona l Trade Theories. Rypecksy Theorem and its critical review. Topic 5. Markets, Cartels and International Trade Monopoly and Import Competition, Export Opportunities. Product Differentiation and Monopolistic Competition. Dumping / Discrimination and WTO, Competitiveness and Market Share, Gains from Migration. WTO and Factor’s Movements and the Commodity Movement. Multinationals Firms and Foreign Direct Investment, Transfer of Capital, Technology, Skill and other Gains, Transfer of Resources and Transfer Problem. Topic 6. Tariff, Quota and Trade PoliciesTariff and Small Country: Effects of Tariff, Price and Demand for Imports, Welfare impacts. Impacts of Tariff on Government Revenue, T. O. T Production and Welfare. Impact of Tariff on Domestic and World Welfare. The Optimal Tariff. Tariff and Distribution of Income. Brief Introduction of Tariff and WTO Laws, Tariff and Second Best Choice, Subsidies and Quota, Voluntary Quota, Growth with Protection vs. Free Trade Gains and WTO. Managed Trade, Quantitative Restrictions, Voluntary Export Restrictions and Their Impacts. Trade Diversion and Preferential Arrangements. WTO: Injury, Anti-dumping Duties, Tariff and B. O. P Support. Success and Failure of WTO Agenda. B)International Monetary Economics and Finance Topic 7.Foreign Exchange Market and Exchange Rate Determination Foreign Exchange Rates (F. E. R): What it represents? Real, Nominal and Effective Rates. Determinants of Foreign Exchange Rate. Efficient F. E. R Market. Dynamic Theory of Interest and Exchange Rate. The Theory of Spot Exchange Rate Determination. Capital Flow and Speculations. Forward Exchange Market, Interest Arbitrage, Interest Parity Theory, Speculators, Hedgers and Traders, Forward Exchange Rate Policy. Topic 8. Purchasing Power Parity, Exchange Rates and Balance of Payments (B. O. P) Purchasing Power Parity (PPP): Non-Trade Goods, Balance of Payment Effect. Test of Exchange Rate Instability.Impacts of F. E. R. Rate Instability. B. O. P: Income Absorption Approach to B. O. P. Elasticities of Exports and Imports and Impact on B. O. P. The Marshall- Larner Conditions. Monetary Approach to B. O. P. Monetarist Critique to the Keynesian Closed Economy Model. B. O. P. Effects of Stabilization Policies. Empirical Tests of Monetary Approach to the B. O. P. WTO and B. O. P Support. Adjustment with Short-run capital Flow. Methods dealing with undesired Short-run Capital Flow. Topic 9. Open Economy: Monetary and Fiscal Policy Monetary and Fiscal Policies: Internal and External Balance. Monetary and Fiscal Policy with Fixed Exchange Rates.Problems of Small Country: Fixed Exchange Rate, Free Floating Exchange Rate, Managed Exchange Rate and Critical Review of The Fiscal – Monetary Mix Models. Fiscal Policy and Temporary Payment Imbalances. Monetary Policy and Permanent Payments Imbalances, A Random Walk Model of Payment Imbalances. Critical Review of the Modern Theory and Adjustment Mechanism. Topic 10. International Inst itution: Trade, Capital and B. O. P. Introduction of International Institutions, Role and Major Activities of IMF. IMF Credit Facilities. Loan Mechanism, Value of SDRs. The Optimum Quantity of Reserves, Optimum Interest Rate. Euro-Dollar, Dollar Exchange and Impacts. Role of IMF in B. O. P Support and Stabilization. Topic 11.International Movements of Factors and Welfare: Impacts / Issues Facts on International Capital Flow: ASEAN Crisis and Role of International Institution and Criticism. Motive for Capital Movement: Return and Risk Diversification. Why disagreement on International Movement of Labour? Welfare Impacts of Labour Movements. Factors of Production and Price Equalization Issues. Losses of National Sovereignty. Can Developing Countries Compete and Gain from Trade: Terms of Trade due to Demand Pattern and its Impacts. What Counts for wage Differential Between Primary Goods Producer and Value Added Goods Producer, Competitiveness Issue. WTO: GATT and Emergency of WTO. Why necessary to Join WTO?WTO: Expected Impacts on Trade, Liberalization and B. O. P; Special Status of Developing Countries and Net Food Importing Countries. Protections under WTO Rules. Are Free Trade Gains more than Restricted Trade? Gains for whom; how much and how long? Centre-Periphery Theory. WTO Rules: Sanitary, Phytosanitary, Dumping, Anti-Dumping etc Rules and Emerging New Issues and Their Impacts. Topic 12. Major Contemporary International Economic Issues: WTO: GATT and Emergency of WTO. Why necessary to Join WTO? WTO: Major Trade Rules and Their Expected Impacts on Trade, B. O. P Deficit. WTO and Fair Trade / Free Trade. Free Trade will it be?Issue of â€Å"Are Free Trade Gains more than Restricted Trade†? Emerging Regional Trading, Blocks, Special Preference and their Impacts. Issues relating to the Contributions of International Financial Institutions and Their Evaluations. Is there need to Reform International Institutions? Monetary Integration and Their Impacts. T erms of Trade Issue. International Debt Problem, Growth and Competitiveness. Issues of Developing Countries: Level of Development, Competitiveness and Trade Stability: World Income Distribution and Free Trade. Basic Readings: 1. Caves Richard, E. , and Jones Ronald W. , World Trade and Payments: An Introduction, Latest Editions.Little, Brown and Company, Boston, Toronto. 2. Chacholiades, Miltiades, International Trade Theory and Policy (Latest Edition). McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, London. 3. Donomick Sal Vatore B. , International Economics (Latest Edition), Prentice Hall. 4. Grubel Herbert C. , International Economics, (Latest Edition) Richard D. Irwin Inc. , Honewood, Illinois. 5. Peter Holinder & Thomas A. , Pugel. , International Economics. 9th Edition 1996. 6. Sodersten B. and Geoffry Read. , (1994). International Economics, MacMillan Press Ltd. 7. The Global Competitiveness, Report 1999, World Economic Forum, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York. 8.World Bank. Worl d Development Report, 1986. Oxford University Press. Additional Readings: 1. Baldwin Robert L. and Richardson David J. , (1986). International Trade and Finance, Little Brown and Company, Boston, Toronto. 2. Moran Theodore H. , (1985). Multinational Corporations: The Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment. Lexington Books. Toronto, Massachusetts. 3. Krugman and Obstfeld, International Economics: Theory and Policy, Addison Willey (1998). Paper 2. ECONOMETRICS: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS Topic 1:Introduction Definition and scope of econometrics, Econometric models vs. Statistical models Ingredients of econometric modelingSpecification, estimation, verification or evaluation and forecasting. Topic 2:The Classical Linear Regression Model (a)The Simple Linear Regression Model (SLRM) Estimation of SLRM by Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Interpretation of Estimated Coefficients and their Economic Meanings. (b)The Multiple Linear Regression Model (MLRM) Estimation of MLR model by OLS and its assumptions Interpretation of estimated coefficients and their economic meanings, Computation of elasticities and standardized coefficients Using R2 as a measure of ‘Goodness of Fit’ and some roblems with its use. (c)The General Linear Regression Model (GLRM)Estimation of GLRM by OLS through Matrix Approach Var-Cov matrix of estimated coefficients. (d)Evaluating an Estimated Linear Regression Model Testing the significance of individual coefficients. Testing the significance of the model as a whole. Topic : 3 Multicollinearety What is Multicollinearety? Distinction between perfect Multicollinearety and less than perfect Multicollinearety (Multicollinearety problem). Consequences of Multicollinearety problem, methods for detection of Multicollinearety problem. Remedial measures for Multicollinearety problem. Topic: 4 Heteroskedasticity What is Heteroskedasticity and what are its causes?Consequences of Heteroskedasticity for OLS estimation. Methods for detection of He teroskedasticity. Remedial measures for Heteroskedasticity. Topic: 5 Autocorrelation What is Autocorrelation and its Causes? Consequences of Autocorrelation for OLS estimation. Methods for detection of Autocorrelation. Remedial measures for Autocorrelation. Topic 6:Forecasting with a Single Equation Regression Model What is forecasting and what are its various types? Important features of a good forecast. Variance of unconditional forecast error. Variance of conditional forecast error. Measures for evaluating the forecasting power of a model.Topic 7: Errors in Variables, Time as a Variable, Dummy Variables, Grouped Data, Lagged and Distributed-Lag Variables Errors in variables. Time as a variable. Dummy variables. Estimation from grouped data. Exogenous lagged variables. Endogenous lagged variables. Methods of estimation of lagged models. Topic 8: Identification The problems of identification. Implications of the identification state of a model. Formal rules for identification. Iden tifying restrictions. Tests for identifying restrictions. Identification and Multicollinearity. Topic 9:Simultaneous Equations Models Why Simultaneous Equation Models? Various Types of simultaneous equation Models. The identification problem.Checking the identification state of a model or of a particular equation in the model by Order Condition, bogus equation and reduced from approaches. Identification and methods of estimation. Topic 10:Consistent Estimation of Parameters of Simultaneous Equations Models Indirect Least Square Estimation. Two-stage Least Squares Estimation. Instrumental variables method of estimation. Topic 11:Varying Coefficient Models: Causes of Coefficient Variation. Randomly Varying Coefficient Models. Systematically Varying Coefficient Models. Topic 12:Time Series Econometrics ARIMA Models. Comparison of forecasts based on ARIMA and Regression Models. Unit Roots and Co-integration.Dummy Trap and its detection. Suggested Books: 1. Gujrati, D. Basic Econometrics , 3rd Edition, † McGraw Hill, 1993 2. IntrilligatorEconometric Model, Techniques and Applications, N. J. Printice Hall, 1978 . 3. Johnston, J. Econometric Models, McGraw Hill, 1984 4. Koutsoyiannis, A. Theory of Econometrics, McMillan, 1978 5. Maddala, J. S. Econometrics, McGraw Hill, New York, 1978 6. Wonnacot, R. J. Econometrics, John Wiley, New York & Wonnacot, E. 7. Madnani, G. M. KIntroduction to Econometrics Principles and Applications, (Latest Edition) 8.Pindyck &Econometric Models & Economic Forecasts, 3rd RubenfeldEdition, McGraw Hill Inc. 1992. 9. Maddala, J. & Kim Unit Roots, Co-integration and Structural Change, Cambridge University Press, 1998. 10. Griffiths, Judge, The Theory and Practice of Econometrics, John Willey and Sons, Latest edition. Research Articles: 1. Abadir (2002) Notation in Econometrics: a proposal for a standard. Econometric Journal, Vol. 5, issue 1, pages 76-96. 2. Abadir and Jan R. Magnum (1993) OLS Bias in a Nonstationary Autogregression, Eco nometric Theory, Vol. 9, issue 1, pages 81-93. 3. Don Andrews (2003). A Bias-Reduced Log-Periodogram Regression Estimator for the Long Run, Memory Parameter, Econometrica, 71, (2), 675-712. 4.Gunnar, Bardsen, (1999), Economic theory and econometric dynamics in modeling wages and prices in the United Kingdom, Empirical Economics, 24, (3), 483-507. 5. Joshua, Angrist, (2001), Estimation of Limited Dependent Variable Models with Dummy Endogenous Regressors: Simple strategies for Empirical practice. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 19, (1), 2-16. 6. Luc, Bauwens, (1994), Estimating End Use Demand: A Bayesian Approach. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 12, (2), 221-31. 7. Manuel, Arellano, (1992), Female Labour Supply and On-the –Job Search: An Empirical Model Estimated Using Complementary Data Sets. Review of Economic Studies, 59, (3), 537-59. 8.Stephen, Roy, Bonal, (1991), Some Tests of specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equation. Review of Economic Studies, 58 (2), 277-97. Paper 3. DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS: THEORY AND POLICY Note: Students are expected to study latest editions of the recommended books. At least two research papers pertaining to each topic must be comprehended. Each topic must be prepared and analyzed critically. Any aspect of the topics may be asked in the examination. The course content provides a guideline. Students must prepare critical review of topics. Part: A Theoretical Foundations and Sector Specific Issues: Topic: 1 Scope and New DevelopmentsDefinitions: Economic Development and Growth, Identification of Development variables. Scope and Significance of Development Economics. Characteristics of LDC’s. Measurement of Economic Development and Growth. Per Capita Income approach, Quality of Life Index / HDI etc. Historical overview of world development and emerging major issues pertaining to Less Developed Countries (LDC’s). Why the whole world is not d eveloped? Topic: 2 Major Theories of Development – Classical and Neo-classical Theories, Adam Smith and Competitive Capitalism, Vicious Circle of Poverty, Stages of Economic Growth, Balanced and Unbalanced Growth, Big Push Theory. Dependency Theory, Structuralist’s View Point.Endogenous Growth Theory: New growth Theory. Income Convergence/ Divergence, New Growth Theory. Market Friendly Approach. Topic: 3 Agriculture and Industry Agriculture vs. Industry: Development Debate. Lewis’ Model of surplus Labor. Rains’ Fei Model and its critical review. Transforming Agriculture, Underemployment problem. Role of Agriculture: Market for Industrial Output, Provision of Input, food, Complementarity, productivity growth. Terms of Trade Issue and Subsidies, etc. and Competitiveness. Land Holdings, Green Revolution and it’s Performance. Need for Industrialization. Industrialization and its financing mechanism. Problem of Sectoral Dualism. Why Green Revolution?The Spread of Green Revolution in Pakistan and its Status / Contributions. Topic: 4 Population, Education and Human Capital Demographic Transition, Human Resources as a source of growth and their contributions. Investment in education and returns. Models of Employment & Unemployment: Time Criterion, Productivity Criterion and New Index etc. , and Employment generation Strategies/Techniques. Part B: International Development Issues and Debates Topic: 5 International Debt, Aid / Assistance Why international borrowing? Two Gap Model, Aid commitments and disbursement. Sources of borrowing. Debt Cycle Theory/Stages. Debt Burden: Debt Servicing, Debt laffer Curve, Debt buy back etc. Latin American Debt Crises, ASEAN Crises, Debt Problem of LDC’s and South Asia, Debt Overhang and threat to growth. Policies to combat debt problem: Forecasting debt and solution for debt burden, saving mobilization/Domestic resource mobilization, Debt rescheduling etc. Debt Modeling and Forecasting Future Implication. Topic: 6 WTO, Liberalization and International Trade Trade vs. Aid. Liberalization of Trade and its impacts/gains etc. , Foreign Exchange Constraints and Balance of Payment deficit. Role of GATT and its Failure. WTO and LDC’s. Trade Instability, Distribution of gains from Trade liberalization. Regional Trade Associations (RTA’s): their role and contributions. Basis for trade and benefits: Gains from Trade: Static and Dynamic Gains.Comparative Advantage, Revealed Comparative Advantage and Competitiveness. Trade as an engine of growth. Product Cycle. Determinants of exports growth. Transfer of Technology: Sources & Need. Technology Centered Development and Appropriate technology issue. Topic: 7 Transnational Corporations (TNC’S), FDI and Development Transnational Corporations (TNC’s): Objectives, Role and Contributions, Long term cost of TNC’s. Transfer of Technology: Ways and Means. Global integrated production system: TNC’s and Globalization, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Its Determinants/Role. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and TNC’s. Flow of FDI and its contributions.Topic: 8 Poverty and Income Distribution Definitions and Measurement of Poverty/Poverty Line. Poverty concepts/definitions. Absolute Poverty, Relative Poverty, Income approach, Expenditure approach, Basic needs approach, Poverty of Opportunities Index (POPI) and Calorie-based approach etc. Poverty Indicators. Poverty by socio-economic groups. Sources, impacts and policies to combat poverty. Strategies and tools to combat poverty. Growth and Income Inequality in the world. Empirical evidences on poverty. Redistribution with growth. How to combat income inequality. Basic Needs, Social Action Programs and Poverty alleviation. Topic: 9 Environment and DevelopmentModel of Environment and Economic Activity. Market Based Approach and Externalities. Deforestation and Renewable Resources, Measuring environment values. Deforestation and Macroeconomic Environment. Industrialization and its environmental cost, Use of Pesticides and Environmental Impacts. Natural resources degradation. Cost of Pollutions/Environmental degradation. International awareness about environment, production and need for Reforms. Economic thoughts and Environment. International Agencies: Environmental concerns and programs. Urbanization and environmental issues. Sustained development, Ecology and economic progress. Topic: 10 Growth ModelsHarrod-Domer Model, Technical Change and growth Model, Kaldor’s Model of Distribution, Joan Robinson’s Model of capital accumulation, Model of Steady State Growth. Saving-Investment and Golden Rules. Recommended Books: 1. Balasubramanyam V. and Lall, S. (1992, eds), Current Issues in Development Economics. McMillan , London. 2. Chaudhary M. Aslam and Hamid, A. , (1999). Human Resource Development and Management in Pakistan. Ferozsons, Lahore. 3. Chenery H. B. and Srinivasen. Hand Book of Develo pment Economics,* vol. I & II, Amsterdam (1988, eds. ). North Holland. 4. Cypher J. M. and Dietz James L. , (2004), The Process of Economic Development, Routledge.Tayl or Francis Group, London/New York. 5. Ghatak Subarta, (2003), Introduction to Development Economics, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, London/New York. 6. Herrick B. and Kindleberger C. , (latest eds. ). Economic Development. McMillan, New York. 7. Hirshman A. O. , (1960). Strategy of Economic Development, Yale University, Press. 8. Jones H. G. , An Introduction to Modern Theories of Economic Growth, (Latest Edition), McGraw Hills. 9. Mahboob-ul-Haq Center for Human Development (MHCHD). Human Development in South Asia, Annual Reports, Islamabad. 10. ————- (1999), A Profile of Poverty In Pakistan, (In Collaboration with UNDP). 11. Meier Gerald M. Leading Issues in Economic Development, (Latest Issue), Oxford University Press. 12. Thirlwall, A. P. , (2003), Growth and Development, With Spe cial Reference to Developing Economies 7th edition, Palgrave Publisher. 13. Todaro M. P. , Economic Development in the third World. Latest Edition, Heinemann, London. 14. UNDP, Human Development Reports , Annual Reports. 15. Van Den Berg H. , (2001), Economic Growth and Development,* McGraw Hills. 16. William, Easterly, Growth without Development, A Case Study of Pakistan, World Bank. 17. World Bank, World Development Reports, Annual reports, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1998/99, 2000/2001 and 2004. 18. Yotopolous Pan A. and Nugent Jeffery B. Economics of Development, Empirical Investigation (Latest Issue). Harper and Row Publishers, London/New York. Paper 4: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Importance of Research Methodologies. Research techniques in social sciences and their limitations. Theory and basis of research. Empirical and theoretical research. Stages of research process. Identification of problem/issue, data, theory and estimation and related problems. Thinking, Field Re search Designs; the process of field research, Exploratory Research, Casual Inference. Methods of communication in survey. Vision survey and communication techniques. Art of asking questions and getting quality information.Preparation of Research Proposal Questionnaire, Sample Design; the Nature of Sampling, Measurement and Scaling; Measurement, Measurement Scales, the Characteristics of Sound Measurement, the Development of Measurement Tools, Scaling, the Nature of Scaling, Response Methods, Scale Construction. Data Collection Methods, Survey Instruments and Field Procedures; Survey Instrument Designs, the Survey Situations, the Instrument Development Process, Questionnaire Development, Field Procedures, Personal Interviewing, Telephone Interviewing, Interviewing by mail, observations. Data collection, Observation, Experimentation and Simulations; Experimentation and Simulation.Choice of Research Technique, Experimental Research Design, Simulation, Observation, Observation Designs. Use of Secondary Data; the Nature of Secondary Data Sources, the Use of Secondary Data, Types of Secondary Data Sources, Statistical Sources, Data Research Procedures, Evaluating Secondary Data. Vision Survey: Interpretation of Replies. Data Presentation and Analysis: Elements of Analysis, Data Preparation, Special Data Problem, Tabulation, Data Presentation, and Data Analysis. Report Writing; the Questions and analysis of Research Proposal. Organization of Research Paper. How to format and Write country Research Report. Executive summary and abstract of a report.Conclusion and its basis. Evaluation of Research Work. The Research Report, Research Report Format, Writing and editing of research Report. Recommended Books: 1. Birchenhall C. and Grout P. , (latest edition), Mathematics for Modern Economics, Herifaq Publishers, New Delhi. 2. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Holt-Sounders Japan Ltd. Tokyo (Latest edition). 3. Johnson, Glenew Research Methodology for Economists: Philosophy and Practice, McMillan Publishing Co. (Latest edition). 4. Kidder Louise H. , Research Methods in Social Relations. 5. Lambert, P. , (1985) Advanced Mathematics for Economists. Static and Dynamic Optimization, Basil Black Well. 6. Neuman W.Lawrence, (1997) Social Research Methods, Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, Allyn and Bacon; Boston. 7. Sckaran Business Research Methods 8. Uma, Sekarn, (1992), Research Methods for Business. A Skill Building Approach, John Willey & Sons, Inc. 9. Young Pauline V. , (latest edition), Scientific Social Survey and Research, Prentice Hall Inc. 10. Zikmund William, G. , (1994), Business Research Methods, The drydem Press. OPTIONAL PAPERS Paper 5. 1: ADVANCED MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS Topic 1:Complex Number and Circular Functions Imaginary and Complex Numbers. Complex Roots. Circular Functions. Properties of Sine & Cosine functions. Eular Relations.Alternative Representation of Complex Numbers. Topic 2:Integral Calculus Dynamics and Integration. The Na ture of Indefinite Integrals, Basic Rules of Integrations & Rules of Operation. The Substitution Rule and the Rule of Integration by Parts. Definite Integrals. Major Properties of Definite Integral. A Definite Integral as an Area Under a Curve. Improper Integrals. Economic Applications of Integrals – Finding Total Functions from Marginal Functions, Investment & Capital Formation, Present Value of Cash Flow. Present Value of a Perpetual Flow, Domar Growth Model. Topic 3:Differential Equations: Continuous Time: First Order Linear Differential EquationsMeaning and Definition; Homogenous & non-Homogenous Cases. Solution of First Order Linear Differential Equation with Constant Coefficient & Constant Term and its Verification. Economic Application: Dynamics of Market Price. Solution and its Verification of First Order Differential Equation with Variable Coefficient and Variable Term. Exact Differential Equation, its Solution and Verification. Non-linear Differential Equations of t he First Order and First Degree. Bernoulli Equation, Separable Variables. The Qualitative Graphic Approach. Concept of Phase Diagram, types of Time Paths and their Dynamic Stability. Economic Application: Solow Growth Model.Topic: 4 Differential Equations: Higher Order Differential Equations Solution and Verification of Second order Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficient and Constant term-Distinct Real Roots, Repeated Real Roots and Complex Root Cases. Dynamic Stability of Equilibrium. Economic Applications. A Market Model with Price Expectations. The Interaction of Inflation and Unemployment. Solution of Higher order Differential Equations with Constant Coefficient and Constant Term. Convergence and the Routh Theorem. Topic 5:Difference Equations; Discrete Time: First Order Difference Equations Solution and its Verification of First Order Difference Equations. The Dynamic Stability of Equilibrium.Economic Applications – The Cobweb Model, A Market Model with Inventory. Nonlinear Difference Equations – The Qualitative-Graphic Approach. Phase Diagrams Types of Time Path. A Market with a Price Ceiling. Topic: 6 Higher Order Difference Equations Solution and Verification of Second-Order Linear Difference Equations with Constant Coefficients and Constant Term-Distinct Real Roots, Repeated Real Roots and Complex Roots cases. The Convergence of the Time Path. Economic Applications, Samuelson Multiplier-Acceleration Interaction Model. Inflation and Unemployment in Discrete Time. Higher Order Linear Difference Equations and their Solutions. Convergence and Schur Theorem Again.The Solution of Simultaneous Differential Equations. Topic 7:Non-Linear Programming The Nature of Non Linear Programming Non-Linearities in Economics. Kuhn Tucker Condition. Interpretation of Kuhn Tucker Condition. Kuhn Tucker Sufficiency Theorem: Concave Programming. Arrow Enthoven Sufficiency Theorem: Quasiconcave Programming. Economic Application-Utility Maximizat ion, Least Cost Combination. Solving a Nonlinear Program via the Kuhn-Tucker Conditions. Recommended Books: 1. Chiang A. C. Fundamental Methods of Mathematical Economics McGraw Hill (3rd Edition) 1984. 2. Dowling Edward T. Mathematics for Economics Schaum Series, 1981. 3. Glass Colin J.An introduction to Mathematical Methods in Economics McGraw Hill. 4. Haung David, S. , Introduction to the set of Mathematics in Economic Analysis Graphical Approach, Simplex Method, Economic Application of linear Programming N-Y John Wiley and Sons, latest edition. 5. Hoy M. , Livermois J, Rees R, Stengos T. , Mathematic for Economics, 1996. Addison0Wesley Publishers limited. 6. Weber E. Jean, Mathematical Analysis, Business and Economic Application (latest edition), Harper and Row Publishers, New York. 7. Yamene, Taro, Mathematics for Economists, Prentice Hall, latest edition. Additional Readings: 1. Allen R. G. D. , Mathematical Economics, London, Macmillan English Language Book Society. 2.Edey & P eacock, National Income and Social Accounting London, Hutxchinson University Library, 3rd Edition. Paper 5. 2: APPLIED ECONOMICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATION Topic 1:Introduction to Windows 2000 and Ms-Word Operating System, Performance Management, Desktop Management, Printer Management, Internet Explorer, E-mail. MS-Word, using Advanced Formatting Features, Sharing data with Word, Word Macros, Composing Models and Mathematical Equations. Topic 2:PowerPoint and MS-Access (XP) Database Concepts, File Linkages, Data Retrieval, Data Editing / Updating. Data Transferring. Topic 3:SPSS and E-View Menu, Tool Bars, File Linkages, Dialog Boxes. Data Analysis, Analysis of Variance.Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis, Formatting Reports, Creation and Modification of Chart, Line Area and Pie Chart. Output Navigator Printing, Data Editor Printing, Command Syntax Printing. Use of E-view for Model Estimation. Topic 4:Estimation of Production Function Use of Computer, SPSS, E-View to Estimate Prod uction Functions. Cob-Douglas Production Function, Constant Elasticity Production Function etc. Topic 5:Computer Applications: Demand – Supply & Equilibrium Estimation of Demand and Supply using E